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WEriLEY
UBtlARY

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE

PHILOSOPHY

AS A

SCIENCE

A 8TNOP8I8

OF THB WRITINGS

OF

Dr. Paul Carus

CONTAINING AN
INTRODUCTION
WRITTEN BY
HIMSELF, SUM-
MARIES OF HIS
BOOKS, AND A
LIST OF ARTI-
CLES TO DATE.

CHICAGO

THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY

London Agbnts: KEGAN PAUL,
TRUBMBR, TRBNCH A CO., LTD.

1909

Copyright by
THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO.

1909.

FOREWORD.

IN preparing this sketch of the philosophy
with which I have identified my work,
I have found it now and then unavoidable
to be more personal than is my wont.
However, the use of the pronoun in the
first person is not meant as a claim, but
as a limitation. It is, after all, neces-
sary to let the reader see in this presen-
tation of "Philosophy as a Science," how
much or how little may be regarded as
assured scientific results which have been
generally accepted, and where a personal
contribution to it still awaits the consensus

of the competent.

Paul Carus.

CONTENTS

Pagb

Foreword

Introduction 1-28

Age of Science i

Science and Scientific Methods 2

Form and the Philosophy of Form 5

The Scope of Philosophy 7

The Philosophy of the Future 8

No Things-in-Themselves 10

Causality, The Law of Transformation 11

The Importance of Psychology 12

The Doctrine of Parallelism 14

Organization and Memory 16

Memory, the Soul Builder ig

The Immortality Problem 21

Qeamess and Mysticism 22

The Philosophy of Pure Form , 24

Religion and Art 25

Summaries of Books 29-93

Philosophy and Psychology 29-44

Monism and Meliorism 29

Fundamental Problems 29

Three Philosophical Pamphlets 31

Primer of Philosophy 31

Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic. . . 32

Kant and Spencer 33

The Surd of Metaphysics 34

The Soul of Man 37

The Foundations of Mathematics 40

Whence and Whither? 43

••

Vll

INTRODUCTION.

THE AIM of all my writings centers in
* the endeavor to build up a sound and
tenable philosophy, one that would be as
objective as any branch of the natural
sciences. I do not want to propound a new
philosophy of my own but to help in work-
ing out philosophy itself, viz., philosophy
as a science ; and after many years of labor
in this field I have come to the conclusion,
not only that it is possible, but also that
such a conception of the world is actually
preparing itself in the minds of men.

The old philosophies are constructions of
purely subjective significance, while agnos-
ticism, tired of these vain efforts and lack-
ing strength to furnish a better solution
of the problem, claims that the main tasks
of philosophy cannot be accomplished; but
if science exists, there ought to be also a
philosophy of science, for there must be a
reason for the reliability of knowledge.

Every success of scientific inquiry, every
progress of research in the several fields
of knowledge, every new invention based
upon methodical experiment, is a refuta-
tion of agnosticism — ^the philosophy of
nescience — in so far as these several ad-
vances corroborate the reliability of science.

Philosophy
an objective
science.

Agnosticism
a failure.

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Dawn of
the age
of
science.

Science
and

scientific
methods.

Mankind has become more and more con-*
vinced of the efficiency of science, and in
this sense the philosophy of science prevails
even now as a still latent but nevertheless
potent factor in the life of mankind, mani-
festing itself in innumerable subconscious
tendencies of the age. We may confidently
hope that the future which the present
generation is preparing will be the age of
science.

IT MIGHT seem redundant to ask the
* question, "What is Science?" but we will,
nevertheless, answer it briefly. Science is
not the monopoly of the naturalist or the
scholar, nor is it anything mysterious or
esoteric. Science is the search for truth,
and truth is the adequacy of a description
of facts. Science diflFers from so-called
common sense only in this, that its work
is done with scrupulous care according to
well-considered methods and under the
constant supervision of a reexamination.

Science is based upon observation and
experience. It starts with describing the
facts of our experience, and complements
experience with experiment. It singles out
the essential features of facts, and gen-
eralizes the result in formulas for applica-
tion to future experience; partly, in order
to predict coming events; partly, to bring
about desirable results. Generalized state-

INTRODUCTION.

ments of facts are called truths, and our
stock of truths, knowledge.

There are always two factors needed for
establishing scientific truth, indeed, for
establishing any kind of knowledge: they
are, first, sense experience, and second,
method. By method we mean the function
of handling the material furnished by sense
activity, viz., identifying samenesses and
differences, comparing various phenomena,
1. e., classifying and contrasting them;
measuring and counting them; tracing the
succession of cause and effect, and arrang-
ing the truths thus established into an har-
monious system.

DIGHT HERE it will be found neces-
*^ sary to point out the significance of
the distinction between form and substance.
An evaluation of pure form will yield on
the one hand the formal sciences, arith-
metic, geometry with all other branches of
mathematics, pure mechanics, logic, and all
that is kin to it; and, on the other hand,
the sciences that investigate concrete things
as well as definite occurrences — ^physics,
chemistry, astronomy, physiology, psychol-
ogy, history, etc.

The philosophy of science uses the
formal sciences as the organ of thought,
and supplies to the sciences of concrete
phenomena the method of establishing truth

Philosophy

of science
an

harmonious
system.

Formal
sciences
the organ
of
thought.

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Monism
and the
economy of
thought

Contrasts
but no
contradiction
in the
Cosmos.

Truth.

by describing facts of the same kind accord-
ing to their characteristic and significant
features in general formulas, and to sys-
tematize these formulas in a unitary world-
conception, commonly called "Monism."

The several sciences are traveling on this
path; they have instinctively found the
right methods which alone can be justified
before the tribunal of the philosophy of
science, and there is nothing in the entire
domain of existence that cannot become an
object of scientific investigation.

Experience verifies our conviction that
the assured results of the various sciences,
the so-called scientific truths, never con-
flict with each other; they may form con-
trasts but they never contradict one another.
This indicates that the world in which we
live is a cosmos, not a chaos.

By this statement that the world is a
cosmos is meant that its constitution is con-
sistent in all its details; it presents itself
to us as a unitary system; and a genuine
truth (i. e., a formula describing the gen-
eral features of a definite set of facts), if
once proved to be true, will remain true
forever. We may see old truths in a new
light, we may better and ever better learn
to understand their significance and also the
relation between several truths ; but a truth
will always remain true. In other words,
the consistency of the world is both uni-

INTRODUCTION.

versal and eternal. What is true here is
true everywhere, and what is true now is
true forever.

CRNST MACH defines the character of
" science "as an economy of thought,"
and he is right ; but we go one step further
in showing why an economy of thought is
possible, nay, why it is necessary. Science
or the economy of thought is conditioned
by the systematic character of the formal
sciences.

The distinction between form and sub- Philosophy
stance is of such paramount importance of Form,
that I feel inclined to characterize my con-
ception of philosophy as "the philosophy
of form."

All science consists in describing forms
and tracing their changes. Matter and
energy are mere names; they are empty
words, denoting nothing but the objectivity
of both things and events. The objectivity
of things is called "reality" (i. e., thingish-
ness), the objectivity of events, "actuality,"
which means that something is doing, some-
thing is going on, there are changes taking
place. All differences are ultimately dif-
ferences of form, and all that we do or try
to do, be it in art, in invention, or in
morality, is by molding and remolding
things as well as ourselves.

PHILOSOPHY AS A SOEXCE.

Distinction
between
form and the
content of
form.

Significance

ol
quality.

The distincticm between fonn and Ae
contents of form dates bade to Has^cal
antiquity, to Aristotle and his school, bat
the contrast has been nnidi misimdcrstood
through a dualistic interpretatiixi.

The modem period in the history of
philosophy begins with Kant, and rightly
so. The reason of his great preenmiciice is
exactly due to the fact that he saw tfie
significance of the contrast between form
and substance* w*hkh« however* led him to
the wrong conclusion of Ids *^critical
idealism/*

We may look upon SdiiDer and Goedie
^but especially the latter "^ as prophets of
tne philosophy of form. In fact, the dassi-
cal period of Gemian civilization as diarac-
tensed by the names of these two poets^
tv^ther with Lessing, Herder, Beetiwiveii.
Mozart* etc.. is to a great extent dm to
the clearness with which tiiese men
ciate<l the significance of form.

The |)hik\<ophy of form throws light also
on the pn^blem of the nature of quality.
There i^ a ciMnn\on tendency in science to
kK^k u|H>n its legitimate methods as being
limitei) to countiixg and measuring, and Ae
proiH^Hition has been actually made, Aat
mtaiity i* a inception to be discarded and
thnt ultimately the solution of all problems
will alwayj* prove tv^ be a matter of qtan-
tIticM. This wnceptiou is an error, far it

INTRODUCTION.

overlooks the most significant factor of the
world, quality, which is not, however, an
inexplicable mystery, for its nature can be
satisfactorily understood through the philos-
ophy of form. See my article, "Significance
of QuaUty," Monist, XV, 375.

CCIENCE IS originally one and undi-
^ vided and serves the practical purpose
of guidance in life. When by a division of
labor the several sciences originated, there
remained a field which was common to all
of them; and this field is the domain of
the science of the sciences, i. e., of philos-
ophy.
The scope of philosophy is threefold :
First, it investigates the methods of
science, it explains their origin and justi-
fies their efficiency. We may call this
branch of philosophy methodology, which
necessarily includes a theory of cognition,
a description of the nature of abstract
thought and of logic, and a definition of
truth.

Secondly, philosophy summarizes the
assured results of the several sciences which
would be characteristic of existence. This
may be called ontology. In other words,
philosophy attempts to offer a description of
the nature of being, i. e., a world-concep-
tion, the essential part of which must be
a characterization of the soul, of our own

Scope

of

philosophy.

Methodology
is the

economy of
thought.

8

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Mysticism

and

pragmatism.

Philosophy

of

the future.

being, in its relation to the entirety of the
whole, the universe, the All, or, religiously
speaking, God.

Thirdly, philosophy applies the truths
thus established to practical life, a disci-
pline which might be called pragmatology.
It includes man's endeavors in the line of
scientifically guided discoveries and inven-
tions, sociology, political economy, educa-
tion, religion and ethics, i. e., the so-called
applied sciences, the arts, and the science
of conduct in the broadest sense of the
word.

Pragmatology is the purpose of all meth-
odology and ontology, and so it is the most
important branch of philosophy, but it
would be wrong to limit philosophy to it,
as is done by pragmatists. They scorn
theory, rationalism, and any methodical
unification such as is attempted by monism,
and the result is that they lose themselves
in mere subjectivism. If the most essential
element of a philosophy would remain the
philosopher's subjective attitude constitut-
ing the personal equation of his mode of
thinking, a philosophy of science would be
impossible, and philosophy would sink to
the level of the poetical effusions of
mysticism.

The philosophy of science is not the
affair of one man, but is being worked out
in the scientific development of the race.

INTRODUCTION.

Most scientists adhere to it unconsciously.
Often they employ scientific methods in-
stinctively ; they have been trained in their
use and rely on them sometimes without
having investigated their philosophical sig-
nificance, yet their reliability is not doubted
and the assured results of the several
sciences affect the world-conception which,
by a kind of indefinable consensus, consti-
tutes the intellectual atmosphere of our
social life.

TTHE NEW world-conception, animated
* by the spirit of science, shows itself in
the changes that are wrought not only in
our views of the importance of science,
but also in practical affairs, in the nature
and administration of justice, in the edu-
cation of children, in our judgment con-
cerning social as well as international af-
fairs, in the way we consider the occurrence
of great disasters, such as earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions, and in many other
things. The spirit of the Middle Ages,
with its penal code of barbaric punishments,
its cruelty in pedagogy, its narrowness in
nationalism and religion, retreats step by
step, while truer and broader views that are
being more and more universally recognized,
herald the advent of an age of science.
The duty of the philosopher is not to
produce an original system of thought, but

Meliorism
and the age
of
science.

lO

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Evolution
of

scientific
thought.

Problems

wrongly

formulated.

to work out a philosophy of objective reli-
ability. This philosophy is actually dawn-
ing in the minds of scientific men, and
through them in the minds of all thinkers,
finally destined to become a power in the
life of the multitudes of mankind.

All my literary work is subservient to
this, my main purpose, the establishment of
the philosophy of science, and I endeavor
to let the heart-pulse of the best philos-
ophers and scientists of the past, as well as
of the present, beat in my own thinking,
i have no desire to start life, and with it
the evolution of scientific thought, de novo,
but wish to continue the work of my pred-
ecessors, to mature thoughts that are only
half understood, to systematize scattered
ideals of the significance of science, and to
render clearly visible the aim toward which
mankind is tending.

THERE ARE a number of problems
* which have been either wrongly formu-
lated or wrongly answered, sometimes even
absolutely neglected, and I will here call
attention to some new solutions which I
have proposed in contrast to the current
and apparently well-established views. Al-
most all of them center in an appreciation
of the significance of form.

A right comprehension of the significance
of form disposes of the metaphysical ques-

INTRODUCTION.

II

tion, Are there things-in'themsehesf It
shows that things-in-themselves are forms
in themselves, and these forms in them-
selves are by no means unknowable.

The philosophy of form helps us to solve
a great number of other problems. It leads
also to a solution of the problem of the
nature of Grod and of the immortality of
the soul. There is a deeper and more gen-
eral truth in Spenser's words, "The soul is
form and doth the body make," than the
poet himself was aware.

THE PHILOSOPHY of form throws
* light also on Causality, the problem of
which was pointed out first by Hume and
taken up, but not correctly solved, by Kant.
If we bear in mind that causality is nothing
more nor less than the law of transforma-
tion, we shall understand that it simply
formulates the dynamic aspect of what, in
a static consideration, is known as "the law
of the conservation of matter and energy."

Many philosophers who do not under-
stand the nature of causation confuse the
terms "cause" and "reason," and speak of
"first cause" when they mean "ultimate
reason," and of "final cause" when they
mean "purpose."

A cause is an event which produces an
effect; a reason is an explanation why a
certain cause (and with it the whole class

No Things-
in-them-
selves.

Causality
the law
of

transforma-
tion.

12

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Causes are
consecutive ;
reasons,
simultaneous.

Importance

of
psychology.

of causes of the same kind) will, under
definite conditions, produce its own peculiar
effect. Causes and effects constitute a
series of concatenated events. Every cause
is the effect of a prior cause, and in its
turn, every effect is or may be a cause
that produces subsequent eflFects. However,
reasons are not successive, they are simul-
taneous ; they are more or less general, and
we could arrange all of them (supposing
that we were omniscient) into a system of
CO- and sub- and super-ordinated descrip-
tions of facts (so-called truths), which are
the so-called laws of nature.

A LL LAWS of nature are really one and
^^ the same throughout existence, yet we
must recognize that there are differences
of conditions, and we can classify different
kinds of phenomena according to their
characteristic features into distinct groups.
One of the most obvious divisions is the
distinction between organized and unor-
ganized nature, the latter consisting of the
purely physical domains of existence, and
the former comprising all the phenomena
of life, vegetable and animal, reaching its
climax in the development of humanity.

If the whole of existence is one, we can-
not look upon the development of life, of
animation, of consciousness and of ration-
ality as some accidental by-play, but on the

INTRODUCTION.

13

contrary we must regard soul, spirit, mind,
or whatever we may call it, as the neces-
sary outcome of the intrinsic nature of
existence.

Nevertheless, organized life constitutes a
domain of its own and within this domain
the group of psychical phenomena is again
a province with distinct characteristics of
its own, which are absent in the domain of
inorganic nature.

The attempts to explain psychology from
physics or chemistry must therefore be
futile, for the very elements of psychic life
(the significance of subjective states) are
not met with in those fields where the ob-
jective conditions alone (which are always
matter in motion) are an object of investi-
gation, viz., in molar mechanics, physics,
chemistry and electricity.

A view of the world based alone upon
physics and chemistry, or in general upon
the sciences of objective nature, will always
prove a failure, for it will never explain
the soul. Thus we must invert the prpcess
and expect the solution of the world prob-
lem, not from the lowest forms of existence
but from its highest efflorescence. We must
recognize the import of subjectivity which,
though apparently absent in pure physics,
exists and reveals itself in the conscious-
ness of man, the noblest product of organ-
ized life.

Organization,
an intrinsic
necessity.

Mental
phenomena
contain the
solution of
the world-
problem.

14

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Test of a
philosophy.

Doctrine of
parallelism.

Here lies the paramount significance of
psychology, and we do not hesitate to say
that the way in which the psychological
problem is treated is always the best test
of a philosophy.

IN PSYCHOLOGY, the doctrine of paral-
* lelism has been generally accepted, but
it must not be interpreted in a dualistic
sense. There are not two separate fac-
tors, the psychological and the physiolog-
ical, running parallel to each other, but there
is one reality which has two aspects — ^thc
one being the internal or subjective, the
other, the external or objective. The two
are as inseparable, and yet different, as the
internal and the external curves of a circle.

The character of the subjective domain
exhibits the phenomena of sentiency, feel-
ing, awareness, consciousness and self-con-
ciousness in different degrees, beginning
with the absolute zero of feeling and rising
up to the concentrated attention of a ra-
tional being.

The character of the objective domain is
motion, gravity and momentum, chemical
reaction, heat, electricity, vitalism, physio-
logical function and the action of premedi-
tated purpose. The inner aspect of sub-
jectivity always corresponds to the outer
aspect of objective events. Both form a
unit, and are mutually determined, or, prop-

INTRODUCTION.

15

crly speaking, they arc the same in two
aspects. It is a parallelism of aspects, but
not a parallelism of two independent reali-
ties.

The two aspects are radically different,
for feeling is not motion, nor is motion
feeling. The soul is not body, and the body
is not soul, but they are one, of which
the soul is the inner, and the body, the
outer aspect.

Such is the doctrine of parallelism in its
monistic interpretation, which, however,
leaves the question of the nature and origin
of consciousness open, and here I offer an
explanation which, briefly stated, is this:
Every objectivity has its subjective aspect,
and is possessed of the potentiality of de-
veloping into actual feeling; but the sub-
jective interior of purely physical phenom-
ena is not ensouled with anything like actual
feeling or awareness, nor of consciousness,
because its inner commotions or subjective
states remain isolated. Elements of sub-
jectivity, so long as they remain isolated,
are not feelings in the proper sense of the
word. In order to be actually felt, they
must internally enter into an interrelation
so that one subjective element meets an-
other subjective element; two or several
elements must co-operate, so as to let one
communicate with the other. One feels
while the other is being felt, thus produc-

Monism
explains
parallelism
as one
reality, but
two aspects.

How

consciousness
is
built up.

i6

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Unity of

purpose

imposes

unity of

psychic

activities.

Vitality

and

organization.

ing the possibility of an interaction between
several subjective states among themselves.
Thereby alone can a state of awareness re-
sult, and this internal interaction of feelings
is possible only through organization.

This explanation tallies with facts estab-
lished both by biology and by physiology,
for we know that consciousness is always
associated with a nervous system originat-
ing in those organisms which are moving
about. Stationary organisms have to wait
for the satisfaction of their needs, but a
motor-endowed creature is enabled to go in
search for food. In this way its organs
learn to cooperate, and this imposes upon
them unity of purpose. The unity of pur-
pose produces the unity of the soul.

The characteristic distinction of living be-
ings, when compared to physical phenom-
ena devoid of life, is organization, which, in
moving creatures, produces a coordination
of subjective states. Vitality is not a spe-
cial force or substance, but solely the func-
tion of organization, yet as such it is a
phenomenon sui generis and different from
the forces of physics, chemistry, electricity
or molar mechanics.

T^HE TYPICAL feature of organization

* is the constant change of material which

takes place in living substance. It is called

metabolism, and in animal substance con-

INTRODUCTION.

17

sists of a building up or anabolism, and a
partial breakdown of the energy thus stored
up, called catabolism. Anabolism is nutri-
tion; it changes food into living substance,
a process called assimilation. Catabolism in
setting energy free, renders motion possible
and this motion has under certain condi-
tions its subjective aspect, which means
that it is accompanied with feeling.

The partial breakdown of living struc-
tures called catabolism is not always the
same but varies in form, depending upon
the circumstances under which it takes
place. It is a reaction upon a stimulus, and
the reactions upon ether waves or light, air
waves or sound, upon chemical processes
in the nose and on the tongue, called smell
and taste, or upon mechanical impacts,
called touch, are different physiologically
as well as psychically.

In other words, the irritation of light
produces one kind of structural change,
while the irritations of sound and of touch
cause other modifications, all of them being
analogous; the same kind of cause corre-
sponds to the same kind of physiological
function, and each function possesses a
form of its own and is accompanied by
a feeling peculiar to itself.

Here the great significance of form for
the explanation of life and of the soul be-
comes manifest. The psyche with its men-

Forms

and

functions.

Feeling

a product of

organization.

i8

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Preservation
of form

Memory, the

preservation

of

living forms.

tality, its reason, its purposes, its ideals,
and all its religious and moral aspirations
would not be possible, without a preserva-
tion of form in organized substance.

The waste material of a catabolic break-
down (mostly carbonic acid) is discarded,
while through the anabolic process of nutri-
tion the lost elements are again restored
in the living substance, and this is done in
such a way as to preserve the structure in
its minutest detail. Thus the modifications
produced by the reaction upon the several
stimuli remain and constitute so-called
vestigia or traces. In so far as this pres-
ervation of the form of living substance
is accompanied by feeling, and as former
feelings can be revived on the application
of proper stimuli, it is called memory.

Memory, as Hering has pointed out, is a
property common to all living substance ; it
is the indispensable condition of the de-
velopment of the soul. The differentiation
of nerve activity into the senses, with its
several modes of reacting upon the stimuh
of the outer world, is due to a specialization
of the several reactions in different spots;
and this specialization becomes permanent
through memory, i. e., a preservation of
the forms of the several reactions. The
preservation of form is not so enduring as
the conservation of matter and energy, but
it is not less significant.

INTRODUCTION.

19

•yilE MOST important service of mem-
* ory is the part it plays in building up
the soul. Memory creates the condition
which begets the soul and then continues
to foster its growth by adding and super-
adding new mental riches to its capacity.

First of all, memory renders possible
comparisons between the images of past
impressions and new sensations. Every
memory image leaves a trace of its own,
and a sense-impression of the same kind
travels on the same path as its forerunner
and revives its memory, which results in a
feeling of sameness. The new sensation
fits into the trace of the old one and is
felt to be of the same kind. This feeling
of sameness implies an unconscious act of
recognition. Thereby the sense-impression
gains meaning; and sense-impressions of
the same kind come to represent the ob-
jects which cause them.

Here we have the principle from which
we derive the explanation of the soul, for
the soul consists of feelings which have
become representative of things, conditions,
experiences, etc- In order to solve the
problem of the origin of the soul we must
show how sentiency acquires significance.
Certain feelings come to stand for certain
objects. They represent them. The living
ideas of a man are sentiments freighted

Memory

the

soul-builder.

Recognition
of

sameness
makes
feelings rep-
resentative.

20

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

The soul
is a system
of

sentient
symbols.

The test

of

progress.

with meaning and the soul is a system of

sentient symbols.

This solution looks very simple and it is
simple, indeed ; but how grand and infinitely
complicated are the corollaries implied!
Consider that a symbol, a form endowed
with meaning, is what it is by its relation to
an objective reality, which may be a concrete
object, a condition or a general feature of
many objects, or a universal truth. Tliere
are false symbols and there are true sym-
bols, and these symbols are not merely pic-
tures of actualities, but also of aims, of
aspirations, of ends to be attained. They
have a pragmatic tendency. They possess
moral or religious values and these valued
may be true or false. They lead in the
right or in the wrong direction; they may
be in agreement with the constitution of
the All, or they may be, as it were, out
of tune. They may be more or less an
incarnation of the world-order which sways
not only stars and motes, but also guides
the thoughts and sentiments of man.

Here we have the test of progress. Prog-
ress is not, as Spencer says, "a passage from
the homogeneous to a heterogeneous state,"
it is the realization of truth. Progress
means growth of soul, and growth of soul
means growth of truth. The more clearly,
correctly and completely truth is mirrored

INTRODUCTION.

21

in a man, the higher he ranges in the scale
of evolution.

In a certain sense all nature can be called
alive; everywhere things are active and
they carry the source of their activity in
them; but in the narrower sense we mean
by "life" the phenomena only of organized
nature, the typical feature of which is
metabolism. When metabolism is arrested
organized life ceases, and the body which Death,
it had built up will be disorganized, i. e.,
it will be left to the play of physical forces
alone, a state which is called death.

LJERE WE feel tempted to enter into a
** discussion of the problem of immor-
tality, which is of great importance for
ethics and religion. But it would take too
much space. We will only say that man's
life, being a fragment only of a larger de-
velopment, every individual instinctively
feels the need of looking beyond the grave.

We have not of ourselves become what
we are and our interests are not limited to
the brief span of our lives. We have a pur-
pose that lies beyond the grave and this
truth has in all religions found an appro-
priate expression in the belief m immor-
tality.

Though many erroneous notions are con-
nected with the several views of the soul
and its continued existence after death,

Problem of
immortality.

Again the
significance
of
form.

22 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

there is a great underlying truth in the be-
lief in immortality which can be explained
scientifically as a preservation of form.

Kant and CONSIDERING the fact that our very

clearness ^^ souls are form and that all we do in

of thought. life is forming and being formed, we shall

be impressed again with the importance of
form.

There is no genuine philosophy which
has not first investigated the nature of form
and worked a way out into clearness con-
cerning its significance. The many failures
of abortive philosophies are mainly due to
the fact that there are thinkers of ability
who persistently ignore the lessons of the
past, and, above all, scorn to learn from
Kant. A philosophy of science is not
otherwise attainable than through clearness
of thought.

What might stand in the way of a ready
acceptance of the philosophy of form does
not lie in the difficulties or intricacies that
beset its issues, for, on the contrary, the so-
lutions thus offered recommend themselves
by their simplicity. Indeed the simplicity
of the solution is almost puzzling and it is
disappointing to those who take delight in
the obscure hazes of occult explanations.

Man naturally has a hankering after
mysticism; he loves the chiaroscuro of the
inexplicable and is disappointed if a cher-

INTRODUCTION.

23

ished self-mystification is dispelled By a
rational explanation. There are philoso-
phers who gain great popularity by a shal-
low obscurity. Their views, which are like
mud puddles through which every street
urchin can wade without danger of going
beyond his depth, acquire through their
very confusion, the appearance of an un-
fathomable profundity in the sight of the
admiring public. This kind of philosophy
suits the superficial man who does not care
for scientific accuracy and is satisfied with
the counterfeit of depth — ^an intricate and
bewildering confusion of thought which pre-
vents a clear vision to the bottom of things.
The difficulties of the philosophy of form
which originate through a necessity of
studying the nature of form and formal
thought, are as great as the difficulties of
studying mathematics or logic, but no
greater, and they are overcome by a pains-
taking exactness. There is, however, an-
other difficulty which is a matter of attitude
or judgment. We are apt to underrate a
simple solution. It is not easy to estimate
the enormous depth of a clear Alpine lake,
the bottom of which lies under us and is
contemplated as through a magnifying glass.
So It seems to those who first become
acquainted with the idea of pure form that,
on account of its crystal clearness, it is
sheer nothing, without depth, without mean-

Mysticism
attractive
to hazy
thinkers.

Simplicity
like an
Alpine lake.

24

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Pure forms

are

eternal types.

The

philosophy
of pure form
the key to
all problems
of
existence.

ing, and without efficiwicy. And yet what
a wealth of applications, of possibilities, of
inexhaustible potentialities ! What looks
shallow at first sight is in truth possessed
of an unfathomable profundity.

It takes a Plato to understand that pure
forms are eternal types, and that the entire
system of all formal thoughts (or, to use
a Platonic expression, of the Logoi) con-
stitutes a divinity which Philo called "the
Logos." This Logos conditions the cosmic
order and creates and governs the universe.
Pure form looks like a nonentity, and yet
the laws of pure form are the factors that
determine existence in all its details. Pure
forms are superreal. The truth that all
bodily existence is transient and that it
cannot be other than transient, is apparent.
On the other hand, that those norms (the
purely formal conditions) which constitute
the laws of nature are wonderful presences,
or better, omnipresences and eternalities of
an unfailing efficiency and full of deep sig-
nificance, is easily understood but not so
easily appreciated. We are too apt to think
of pure form as non-existent because it is
not made of matter. Nevertheless pure
form is of paramount importance and we
must comprehend its significance for our
interpretation of existence.

The philosophy of pure form gives us
the key by which we can unlock all the

INTRODUCTION.

25

problems of existence, at least in theory,
and in cases of practical nivestigation it
suggests the method by which truth is to
be attained.

A PHILOSOPHER must not be a one-
^^ sided intellectualist. He must bear in
mind that the noetic operations of man's
mind are only one feature of his life ; man
is also endowed with sentiment and above
all he is an actor, a doer, a worker. Man
is a struggling creature who must make a
living ; he is not a mere thinker, his thoughts
serve the purpose of life; they must be
applied to the tasks which he has to accom-
plish. Besides, he delights in giving ex-
pression to his sentiments by depicting in
poetry and in art the motives that sway his
soul. It would be a serious defect in a
philosophy if it attempted to be purely in-
tellectual and ignored religion, literature,
the arts and music. We must cultivate all
the human aspirations that constitute the
fullness of man's worth, the faculties of
the head, the heart and the hand.

Religion covers practically the same
ground as philosophy and is in many re-
spects even to be considered its rival. Like
philosophy, every religion offers a world-
conception and applies it to practical life,
but while in religion, sentiment is for the

Religion
and Art.

Religion

and

Philosophy.

26

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Study of
comparative
religions
an important
branch of
philosophy.

Radical,

yet

conservative.

most part the dominant power, the ultimate
criterion of philosophy is the intellect.

The several religions are philosophies of
continuous historical movements, while
philosophies might be regarded as the re-
ligions of individual thinkers. Every re-
ligion is built up of the thoughts of many
thinkers as they were understood by the
people. Those notions that appealed to the
multitudes in one way or another survived
and hardened into creeds which operate
with an unquestioning directness as do the
instincts in the minds of animals. An ap-
preciation of religious sentiments, there-
fore, together with the history of religion,
especially of Christianity and of compara-
tive religion, is a highly important branch
of philosophy.

The correct method of treating religion
(so far as I can see) would be a combina-
tion of the two opposed principles, radi-
calism and conservatism. I would rigidly
and fearlessly apply scientific methods to
religious doctrines, but while it can be fore-
seen that this will destroy a belief in the
letter of dogmas, I propose at the same
time to search for and hold fast to the
spirit of religion which is the truth con-
tained in the several religious doctrines.
Error should be fearlessly pointed out and
discarded.

Dogmas are S3mibols and the essential

INTRODUCTION.

27

feature of a symbol is the meaning which
it conveys. We may be able to forego the
belief in the letter, but we must not lose
the spirit; we shall probably be compelled
to surrender our religious dogmas, but we
shall need their significance. We must pre-
serve the seriousness of moral conviction
and the faithfulness in the performance of
duty, which has been insisted upon by all
religions.

♦ ♦ :|c

Nor should art be neglected, for art, not
unlike religion, is a powerful factor in
man's spiritual life. Art is possessed of a
deep significance, for every piece of art
reflects the mind of the artist and with it
his world-conception. There is no painting,
no statue, no poem, no song, no symphony,
which has not back of it a sentiment of the
All, a cosmology, and in this sense it may
be said that all art is the expression of a
philosophy.

The philosophy of science must encom-
pass the entire man with all his aspirations,
and in consideration of it we should not
only cultivate the taste for art, but also
bear in mind its philosophical significance.

Dogmas
and
moral
conviction.

Art reflects
the

world-con-
ception of
the times.

The best evidence that the scientific spirit
pervades the atmosphere of the present age
can be seen in the influence which science
exercises on religion. There it appears as

Science

and

Religion.

28

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

Evidences
of the
purification
of the
God-idea.

Biblical Research (sometimes called Higher
Criticism), in the study of the history of
Christianity and of other faiths, and in a
philosophical purification and deepening of
the God-idea, and it is no accident that I
have felt constrained to do much work in
all these fields. A sympathetic reader of
my books will find that in spite of the great-
variety of subjects which I have treated, all
my works constitute an organic whole and
are subordinate to a general plan which
attempts to awaken the unconscious in-
stincts of scientific inquiry and to organize
them into a consciously apprehended and
clear conception of their unity, which is
nothing more nor less than the philoso-
phy OF SCIENCE.

Paul Carus.

On several occasions Dr. Carus has made
summaries of the tendency and scope of his
work. One was published under the title, '"Salu-
tatory," in the January number of The Open
Court for 1897 (vol. XI), another under the
title, "A Retrospect and a Prospect," in the
January number of The Open Court for 1907
(vol. XXI), republished as an introduction to
Twenty Years of the Open Court. Another
similarly comprehensive statement appears in
the Introduction to Sacred Tunes for the Con-
secration of Life. The latest one is the Intro-
duction to this book» pp. 1-28.

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS

By
DR. PAUL CARUS

I. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOL-
OGY.

IV/IONISM AND MELIORISM. Pages,
*^* 83. Paper, 50 cents (2s. 6cl.).

A Philosophical Essay on Causality and
Ethics, which Dr. Carus published soon
after his arrival in the United States, and
before he was called to take charge of
The Open Court* It plainly foreshadows
his views, which are more fully expressed
in later publications.

FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS. Third
* edition, enlarged and revised. Pages,
xii, 373. Qoth, $1.50 (7s. 6d.).

The Method of Philosophy as a Syste-
matic Arrangement of Knowledge. This
book is a popular treatment of philosophical
topics, and among them the most important
is Form and Formal Thought, pointing out
the contrast between sensation and pure

A

preliminary
statement.

A

controversial
treatment.

29

30 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

reason, matter and the inter-relation of its
component parts. It lays the foundation
for a comprehension of the significance of
Form; the arrangement of the order of
nature, the laws of nature and all that is
implied thereby, the nature of spirit, of
ethics, of ideals, of art, and also of causa-
tion in general. Dr. Cams has charac-
terized his position in a motto on the title
The motto. page as follows:

"Not agnosticism but positive Science,
Not mysticism but clear thought.

Neither supernaturalism nor materialism
But a unitary conception of the world ;

Not dogma but Religion,
Not creed but faith."

Many of these articles are discussions
which took place in The Open Court, and
the appendix contains replies to critics of
different schools, among them agnostics,
dogmatists, mystics, materialists, and
others.

"Reverent, elevated, and comprehensive. . .
The book is of most excellent spirit and of
great ability."— P«^/«V Opinion,

"A good introduction to the study of formal
philosophy."--r/j^ Scotsman, Edinburgh,

Free from "^^* ^^"^^ takes seriously one's duty of striv-

• J. ing after clear, sane, true and vital thinking.

prejuaice. jj^ seems to be singularly free from prejudice.

He has not that itch for originality which is the
bane of too many other system-makers."— C/i«-
cago Record-Herald,

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

31

THREE PHILOSOPHICAL PAMPH-
LETS, (a) The Philosophy of the
Tool. 10 cents (6d.). (b) Our Need of
Philosophy. 5 cents (3 d.). (c) Science
a Religious Revelation. 5 icents (3d.).
Three lectures delivered at Chicago in
the memorable year (1893) of the World's
Columbian Exposition, before the Congress
of Education, the Congress of Philosophy
and the Parliament of Religion.

Appeals in

brief

form.

DRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. Third
* edition. Pages, vi, 242. Qoth, $1.00

(Ss.).

A systematic exposition of a philosophy
of science based upon critically sifted ex-
perience. Dr. Carus builds up his philoso-
phy upon facts. He rejects axioms of any
kind, even in mathematics. He derives the
principles from which he builds up the
formal sciences (mathematics, logic, etc.)
from experience; discusses the nature of
causation, the prevalent confusion of the
notions, cause and reason, the problems of
teleology and free will, the nature of the
human mind, perceptions, generalizations,
ideas, and the continued preservation of
ideas from generation to generation, closing
with a discussion of the religious problem.

"Combines scholarship and original thought
with an accurate and popular style of writing,
and the result is a fascinating work upon what

A systematic
survey.

Press
notices.

i

32

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Recommended
to the
Orthodox.

An important
classic trans-
lated and
explained.

most people consider an unusually dry sub-
ject." — American Israelite.

"This volume, by one of the deepest thinkers
and clearest writers of the age, is worthy of
careful consideration even by the most con-
servatively orthodox in religion and philosophy."
— Cumberland Presbyterian.

"The handiest and most educative, the best
and brightest discussion of such problems as
vex the souls of philosophers, accessible to
English readers."— ^woj Waters, in Watts'
Literary Guide.

"This little book is the most readable and
lucid presentation of a system of philosophy
that I have ever read." — Paper and Press,

"While not expressly^ designed for the in-
struction of beginners in philosophy, its text
is divested of much of that abstract scientific
nomenclature so puzzling to the uninitiated,
while the subject is presented with such sim-
plicity that its leading idea is gathered at a
glance." — Harrisburg Telegram.

"The Primer of Philosophy is the very best,
if not the only work, in which men and women
of the world, as well as scholars, will be able
to find a rational, correct and clear explanation
of the words and basic principles of philosophy.
It really deserves its title." — Waco Evening
News,

KANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY
FUTURE METAPHYSIC. Pages,
301. Cloth, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net).

Convinced of the significance of Kant's
Prolegomena, Dr. Cams offers a new trans-
lation of this most important Kantian
pamphlet, which is practically an explana-
tion of Kant's philosophy by Kant himself,

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 33

setting forth in plain and most uncon-
ventional language the intention of his
Critique of Pure Reason.

Dr. Carus believes that Kant has for- Criticism
mulated the problem of philosophy cor- of Kant,
rectly, but that he has not succeeded with
its solution. Pointing out the errors of
Kant, which consist in the looseness of the
use of certain terms, especially the words
"experience" and "ideal," Dr. Carus builds
up a foundation for the philosophy of
science by demonstrating how the formal
sciences enable us to solve the problems
of objective reality.

"I am very much pleased with Kanfs Prole- Opinions.
gomena, and shall make use of the book with a
class of about sixty students some time after
Easter. It is, by all odds, the best book through
which to appreciate Kant's system." — George
Duncan, Professor in Yale University.

"A new translation which has some advan-
tages of lucidity over the older English versions
made when Kant's hard terminology had been
less thoroughly mastered by scholars than it now
is. . . . It forms an admirable introduction
to the writings of the founder of modern tran-
scendentalism, and will prove welcome to stu-
dents on both sides of the Atlantic." — The Scots-
man.

l^ANT AND SPENCER. Pages, loi.
"■ Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net).

A study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism.
Contents: (i) The Ethics of Kant; (2)

34

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Philosophy
of science vs.
the philoso-
phy of
nescience.

Opinions.

Kant on Evolution ; (3) Mr. Spencer's Ag-
nosticism; (4) Reply to Mr. Spencer's
Comment. Herbert Spencer strangely mis-
interpreted Kant and distorted his views
beyond recognition. The present book is a
vindication of Kant and a criticism of
Spencer's philosophy, as well as of the
theory of agnosticism in general.

Incidentally we learn something about
the history of the doctrine of evolution,
which IS here briefly recapitulated, and we
have to grant that Kant was a better evo-
lutionist than Spencer.

"Dr. Carus certainly convicts Mr. Spencer of
failing to understand Kant, and makes a posi-
tive contribution to the broader understanding
of Slant's doctrine of evolution, as well as to
his general philosophical significance." — Presby-
terian and Reformed Review,

"The reader will find something helpful toward
the understanding of Kant in this little volume.
Dr. Carus is a writer who is always interesting,
because he knows what he wants to say and
how to say it most directly and plainly." — Ex-
change,

•THE SURD OF METAPHYSICS.
* Pages, vi, 233. 75 cents, net (3s. 6d.,
net).

An inquiry into the question Are There
Things-In-Themselvesf This book is not
metaphysical but antimetaphysical. The
idea that science and philosophy are
contrasts still prevails in many circles;

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

35

even among advanced thinkers, and the
claim is frequently made that philosophy
leaves a surd, some irreducible element
analogous to tlic irrational in mathe-
matics. Dr. Carus stands for the oppo-
site view. He believes in the efficiency
of science and to him the true philosophy
is the philosophy of science. Now, it is
true that certain methods of logic are in-
sufficient to reduce our experiences to
rational concepts, and science in general is
limited in its various branches to the meth-
ods employed, but there is no need of as-
suming, for that reason, that the surd in
the intellectual realm possesses any real
objective value, and would render philos-
ophy ultimately metaphysical or mystical.

The present volume investigates the na-
ture of this surd of metaphysics, which so
far has proved the greatest stumbling block
of philosophy to scientists. It looms up in
Kant's philosophy as the "thing-in-itself,"
and is still adhered to in some form or
another by many prominent thinkers of the
present day. The author's intention is to
establish philosophy as a science, and so he
endeavors to make it the science of the
sciences. He discusses in the present vol-
ume the significance which this mysterious
element has played in the realm of thought,
and propounds his own views in contradic-

The surd

in

philosophy.

There are no

''things-in-

themselves."

36

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

A verse

from
Schiller.

Opinions.

tion to those of Deussen, Jodl, Mach and
Max Mflller.

The aim of the book is to purge philoso-
phy of the surd which clung to it in the
days of metaphysicism and prevented its
development into a philosophy of science.
The need of this change was felt even a
century ago by the prophetic poet, Friedrich
Schiller, who, though an admirer of Kant,
was impressed with the redundancy of the
"thing-in-itself" in philosophy, and so he
wrote the following satirical distich:

((

Since Metaphysics of late

Without heirs to her fathers was gath-
ered,
Here at the auctioneer's are

Things-in-themselves' to be sold."

"Filled with clear, wholesome, strong, intel-
lectual food.'* — Unity,

"A well-prepared work for the student of
philosophy. The logic, in the main, is strong
and convincing, and Dr. Carus's views are ably
presented and defended." — Bookseller, News-
dealer and Stationer,

"Dr. Carus stands for man's deliberate cor-
respondence with the forces of evolution, and
sees in his creative power, his practical achieve-
ments, his addition to usable thought, and in his
hands' work, his true significance."— CAfVog()
Tribune,

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

37

•THE SOUL OF MAN. An investiga-
* tion of the Facts of Physiological and
Experimental Psychology. Third edition.
With an Appendix on tiie latest researches
in Physiology. 182 diagrams. Pages,
xviii, 482. Price, cloth, $1.50, net (6s.,
net).

This is a popular exposition of psychol-
ogy* treating first the philosophical prob-
lems of the origin of mind, and the rise of
organized life, together with kindred topics,
the question of vitalism, feeling and mo-
tion, the nature of memory, etc. It then
discusses the physiology of brain-activity
from the standpoint of evolution, as well
as comparative anatomy. This part of the
book is fully illustrated, and affords an
opportunity for a layman to acquire an
insight into the physiology of both animal
and human brain functions in their rela-
tion to psychical processes.

Of especial interest may be considered
the chapter on the "Immortality of the
Race and the Data of Propagation." It
contains a new hypothesis of sex-forma-
tion. Certain observations favor the theory
that each sex has the tendency to produce
its opposite, and it seems that if the male
preponderates, the result will be female, and
THce versa. For instance, the unfertilized
queen bee produces drones, but it takes
fertilization by a drone to produce a queen.

Origin and
nature of
the soul.

Physiology
popularized.

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Oresimzatkm

and

Subjective
»tateH inter-
connected*

The rest of the book is devoted to ^)e-
dfically psychological chapters, incfaidii^
the discussion of facts of modem psychol-
ogy, sodi as double personality, fajpootism
and its dangers, dreams and hallucinatioos,
suggestions, etc

The reader will be interested in Dr.
Carus's theory that feeling and conscious-
ness originate by organization. All exist-
ence possesses a subjective and an object-
ive, i. e., an inner and an outer aspect ; but
so long as the subjectivity of every atom
remains isolated (as is the case in the purely
physical world), it cannot develop into
actual feeling. Organization makes it possi-
ble that several functions of subjectivity can
communicate, and thus organized life in
its lowest stages, even in plants, produces
irritability ; further, animal life through the
mechanism of a nervous system (which is
nothing more nor less than an organ for
coordinating the intercommunicating func-
tions of subjectivity), yields that wonderful
phenomenon of feeling.

Dim feelings become clear by being com-
pared to former feelings. Poorly intercon-
nected irritations remain subliminal and
develop into consciousness only by coordi-
nation. Briefly stated, feelings become
conscious by being felt, and a higher con-
sciousness is a concentration of feelings
through attention.

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

39

A step further in the origin of mind is
made when feelings become representative,
i. e., when they acquire meaning and when
sense impressions denote the presence of
objects.

Dr. Cams further propounds a new*
theory of the nature of pleasure and pain,
rejecting the old notion that pleasure is
identical with growth, and pain with decay.
Pleasure is the satisfaction of a want or a
craving, while pain is due to a disturbance.
Thus even growth (being a disturbance) is
no uncommon cause of pain. (Cf. also his
article in the Monist, VI, 432.)

The physiologist's attention is called to
Dr. Carus's theory of the physiological con-
ditions of consciousness. Dr. Cams claims
that the cortex is not (as is the current
view) the seat of consciousness, but a store-
house of memories. It is the seat of intelli-
gence, whose functions may or may not be
accompanied with consciousness. Conscious-
ness, the function of apprehension, is due to
a concentration of feeling upon a thought,
and there are reasons to believe that the
organ of concentrating attention must be
sought in the striate body of the mid-brain.

The conclusion of the book is devoted to
ethical and religious problems, such as free-
dom of will and responsibility, the origin
of death, immortality, the communism of
soul life, and the soul of the universe. The

Pleasure
and pain.

Organ
of

consciousness

40

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Opinion of

Rabbi

Hirsch.

soul of the universe is here identified with
God, but in one of his later writings Dr.
Carus proposes a more definite conception
of God.*

"A solid addition to the works upon physio-
logical psychology."— Pu6/tc Opinion.

"The work of a profound scholar, and yet
written in language so simple that the youngest
reader can comprehend it^—Boston Transcript

"As a lesson in method, let alone their con-
tents, his works are among the best in their
field. . . . His religion of the future has in
very truth all the essentials of the faith which
alone can win the assent and devotion of the
thinker. . . . This book must be read and
reread to be fully appreciated." — Dr, E. G,
Hirsch, in Reform Advocate,

"A more enjoyable study we have not had for
some time than the examination of such an in-
vestigation of the facts of physiological and
experimental psychology. The center of the
universe lies in our own mind, and the well-
written and beautifully illustrated volume which
lies before us gives the reader a text-book from
which he may learn the intricacies of such a
center. The mentalist has his text-book at last."
— The Educational Record, Montreal,

THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHE-

* MATICS. A Contribution to the

Philosophy of Geometry. Pages, 140.

Cloth, gilt top, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net).

♦See page 55, God, an Enquiry into the
Nature of Man's Highest Ideals and a Solu-
tion of the Problem from the Standpoint of
Science.

The enormous significance of the formal
5 makes it desirable that anyone who
attempts to philosophize should understand
the nature of mathematics. Plato was con-
vinced that knowledge of the science of
form was indispensable, so he wrote over
his school the injunction that no one not
versed in geometry should enter.

The need of a philosophical basis of
mathematics appears in the doubts which
beset the axiom of parallels. In the present
book the author discusses, first, the history
of the notion of axioms and especially the Problem
axiom of parallels ; the attempts at solving of the
the problem by Gauss, Riemann, Lobats- axiom.
chevsky, Bolyai, Grassmann and others;
and then enters into a discussion of the
philosophical basis of mathematics, the
problems of the a priori, of anyness, of
space, the uniqueness of pure space, mathe-
matical and physiological space, etc. He
shows that mathematics does not start from
nothing, as is often assumed ; it excludes
only particularity and retains logical con-
sistency as well as the idea of pure activ-
ity. It is shown how in building up pure
space, the idea of a straight line neces-
sarily originates and why it is indispensable.

The nature and the significance of the a Mysticism
priori are set forth so as to dispel all mys- and the
ticism that sometimes adheres to the idea, o priori.
and the new term "anyness" contributes

42 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

not a little to throw light on the nature
of mathematical reasoning.
The straight Among other important topics discussed

line. in this book may be mentioned the author's

method of explaining the nature of straight
lines, the plane and the right angle as
"even boundaries;" his construction of tri-
dimensional space is created from what he
calls "the scope of motion in infinite direc-
tions." While touching upon the subject
of imaginary spaces, the conception of a
four-dimensional space is made thinkable by
the help of three mirrors placed at right
angles.
The God The chapters on the Superreal, Discrete

of Units, Continuum, Infinitude, and the Epi-

Mathematics. logue proclaiming the God of Mathematics,

will be of interest to any thoughtful reader.

"It will be worth the while of any think-
ing man to read this book with some pains-
taking Take it all in all, there has been

no small book recently published more provo-
cative of thought along certain directions than
this." — Chicago Daily News.

"For those who are interested in mathe-
matics, that is, in the philosophy of mathe-
matics, this book will come as a delight. It
is written in delightfully clear and understand-
able manner. — Business Philosopher,

"An exceedingly interesting book. It is not
above the comprehension of the high school
teacher." — School Science,

"The treatment of the subject is clear. To

PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

43

the student of mathematics it will prove stimu-
lating." — Boston Transcript.

"The volume compels admiration of this mod-
ern author's breadth of knowledge. He is al-
ways modern, practical and, in the best sense,
apologetic. The catholicity of his mind enables
him to speak to a very large audience."— Lon-
don Expository Times.

"The Foundations of Mathematics, by Paul
Cams, reflects the wide reading, the scholar-
ship and clearness of exposition of its author."
— Religious Education.

"Dr. Cams discusses the history of mathe-
matics interestingly, showing that, in spite of
modern innovations, Euclid's claims remain un-
shaken." — Army and Navy Journal.

VjT/HENCE AND WHITHER? An In-
^ quiry Into the Nature of the Soul, Its
Origin and Destiny. Pages, viii, 218.
Price, cloth, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net).

This little book treats of the central prob-
lems of all religion; the nature of the ego;
the origin, development, and destiny of the
human personality; spiritual heredity; the
dissolution of the body and the preservation
of the soul; the nature of human immor-
tality; mankind's ideals; the rational basis
of ethics, etc., all from the standpoint of
modern psychology and biology. It teaches
an immortality consisting in the survival of
our ideas and aspirations which are the quin-
tessence of our very soul. The author takes
pains to prove that this is a true immor-
tality and not mere fiction. All doctrines

Whence do
we come?

Immortality

\

44

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Symbols
are but
makeshifts.

Is life ^
worth living?

of immortality taught in allegory or symbol
are but makeshifts to express for people
untrained in philosophical thought this
grandest of all religious truths.

See also Fechner's View of Life After
Death. Monist, XVI, 84. The Soul in
Science and Religion. Monist XVI, 218.

"Dr. Cants answers the question, 'Is Life
Worth Living?' very fully and satisfactorily.
The whole is a comprehensive and helpful treat-
ise."— /owrna/ of Education, Boston,

"Full of stimulating thoughts." — Dominion
Presbyterion,

"Reverent and actuated by noble purpose." —
Congregationalist.

"There are many fine passages in this book,
and the general trend of the argument is unde-
niably sound." — Literary Guide.

A controver-
sial

treatment
of ethics.

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

THE ETHICAL PROBLEM. Three
'*' Lectures on Ethics as a Science. Sec-
ond edition, including a discussion of the
subject by William M. Salter, John Mad-
dock, F. M. Holland, Prof. Friedrich Jodl,
Dr. R. Lewins, Prof. H. Hoffding, Prof.
L. M. Billia. Pages, 351. Cloth, $1.25
(6s. 6d.).

The Ethical Problem consists of three
lectures, delivered before the Society of
Ethical Culture at Chicago, criticizing the
attitude of the Society. Dr. Carus beUeves

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

45

that pure ethics, which means ethics not
based on either philosophy or religion, has
no existence. For ethics is always based upon
a world-conception and from this derives
its character. Different ethical systems al-
ways presuppose different philosophies.

Hedonism, which is based on the princi-
ple that that is moral which will bring
about a maximum of pleasure for the great-
est number of people, is, closely considered,
a denial of ethics. The pursuit of happi-
ness has nothing to do with morality, and
if there were no duty except to bring about
happiness, ethics would be an illusion.

The publication of these addresses elicited
a number of discussions with Rev. William
M. Salter and other men interested in the
philosophy of ethics, among them Prof.
Harold Hoffding of Copenhagen, Prof.
Friedrich Jodl of Vienna, Dr. Robert
Lewins, the English philosopher of solips-
ism. Dr. L. M. Billia of Turin, Italy, etc.
The book contains also discussions of the
views of Goldwin Smith, Gustav Fechner,
H. Sedgwick, John Stuart Mill, Rosmini,
etc.

"One cannot help admiring the calmness and
the loftiness of tone with which the discussion
is carried on." — Presbyterian Review.

"It would be quite impossible for the author
to have crowded more thought and suggestive-
ness within the same compass. . . . It is a

Pursuit of
pleasure is
not morality.

Important
discussion.

46

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

fresh and up-to-date volume." — Methodist Epis-'
copal Magazine and Review.

"Thoughtful and suggestive." — The Evangelist.

"Most stimulating reading." — Presbyterian and
Reformed Review.

The State a

superpersonal

organism.

A wholesome
warning.

THE NATURE OF THE STATE.
*" Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6(1., net).

The Nature of the State is a small
treatise, which conveys an important truth,
throwing light not only on the character
of communal life, but also on the nature of
man's soul. It proves the significance of
the social interrelations, and refutes the
errors of individualism.

It contains chapters with the following
titles: Does the State Exist? Was the
Individual Prior to Society? The State a
Product of Natural Growth. The Au-
thority of the State and the Right to Revo-
lution. The Modern State Based on
Revolution. Treason and Reform.

"A timely aid to dissipate error and help to
the realization of the genuine meaning of the
state. Dr. Carus has treated the matter in a
masterly and convincing way." — The Call, San

Francisco.

"As full of reason as an tgg is of meat." —
Wade's Fibre and Fabric.

"The exposition is clear and the style inci-
sive. The warning is also wholesome, that a
man carefully consider what the State signifies
before he inveighs against its authority or ex-
poses himself as a vainglorious prophet of er-
ror." — New York Ethical Record.

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

47

'The positions taken are admirable and are
admirably maintained, especially as against the
individualistic conception of Hobbes and Rous-
seau." — Princeton Theological Review,

QUR CHILDREN. Hints from Prac-
^^ tical Experience for Parents and Teach-
ers. Pages, 207. $1.00, net (4s. 6ci., net).
In this little book the author gives an
account of experiences with his own chil-
dren, and offers suggestions to educators.
Upon the whole his advice is based upon
the principle don't say don't; he prefers to
use the positive instruction of saying "do."
Education should be guidance; there is no
need of breaking the will. Here are a few
of the chapter headings: First Steps;
Parenthood; Treatment of a Naughty
Child; Do Not Punish; Direct or Divert,
but Do Not Suppress ; The Use of Money ;
Counting; Facts, not Fancy; Foreign Lan-
guages ; Mathematics ; Music in Education ;
Santa Claus.

"Brightly written, broad-minded, instructive,
this book deserves serious perusal and praise." —
Chicago Record-Herald,

"Our Children has a value which it is difficult
to exaggerate. The strong common sense of
the book as a whole can better be judged from
an extract than from any praise of it, however
particularized. ... It is difficult to conceive
of anything coming up in relation of parent or
teacher to a child which does not find discus-
sion or suggestion in this compact and helpful

Treatment
of a
naughty
child.

48 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

little book. It will be an aid to parents and
teachers everywhere — ^an education for them no
less than for the chiid.'*--Chicago Daily News,
"We feel certain that any parent who thought-
fully reads and studies this book will be richly
paid, and if the readers be parents with grow-
ing children they will keep the book by them
for frequent consultation, not for iron rules, but
for sympathetic suggestion." — Commercial News,
Danville, III

"From my own personal point of view I can
only welcome this volume in our pedagogical
literature and express the hope that it may be-
come a household book in the library of every
parent and teacher." — M. P. E, Groszmann, Ph.D,,
Director of Grossmann School for Nervous Chil-
dren.
A "The book is delightful and most helpful. I

mother's ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ much pleasure and profit, then re-

• read most of it aloud to my husbtind. The

^^^* suggestions for discipline were exactly what I

needed for our second boy; he had always been
a great problem, but I was too stupid and pos-
sibly too near him to solve it for myself. The
chapter on The Naughty Child' seems to have
done this, and I feel as if a wonderful thing
had happened. . . . Our neighborhood club
of women, mothers of fifty-one children, are
reading Our Children, a chapter at a time, at
club meetings and finding it so helpful. It is
such good sense." — Extract from letters from a
young mother in Oklahoma.

"Little things are recommended that will ap-
peal to the child's understanding and add to his
interest in his work." — Cleveland Plain Dealer.

"Its author has given to the world a careful,
loving, thoughtful set of rules which may be
used with profit in the bringing up of the
young." — The Mantel, Tile and Grate Monthly.

ETHICS AND RELIGION. 49

THE RISE OF MAN. A Sketch of the
** Origin of the Human Race. Illus-
trated. Pages, 97. Boards, cloth back, 75
cents, net (3s. 6d., net).

The subject of this book is anthropo-
logical, but the author's interest is ulti-
mately concentrated in the religious prob-
lem underlying the questions here presented.
Dr. Carus upholds the divinity of man from Man's
the standpoint of evolution. Man's physical divinity is
origin does not disprove that his soul has the natural
more and more become an incarnation of aim of life.
God in the sense that man's reason is an
echo of the world-order, and so man (or,
generally speaking, a rational being) is the
natural aim of life. In the second chapter
the idea of evolution as an cpigenesis, not
as a process of evolving, is discussed. The
chapters on the anthropoid apes and on
primitive man are richly illustrated with
special consideration of the Neanderthal
man and Du Bois's pithecanthropoid.

The concluding chapters, ''Civilization
and the Race" and "The Triumph of the
Best," discuss the moral problems of
anthropogenesis.

"Might be called a primer in evolutionary the-
ory. It is clearly written and excellently illus-
trated." — Cleveland Plain Dealer,

"Dr. Carus has a deep reverence for the man-
ifestation of God in created things, and nowhere
is it more in evidence than in his graceful treat-

so

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Sermons by
a man who
believes in
science.

Broadly
Catholic.

it

n

it

ft

>»

»

ment of this subject"— ry^r Publishing Com-
pany, Ann Arbor, Mich,

LJOMILIES OF SCIENCE. Pages x,
* * 317. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50 (7s. 6d.).
This is a collection of short sermons from
the standpoint of a religion which recog-
nizes no religious doctrine that is incon-
sistent with the truths taught by science.
Among the topics presented we mention:
Is Religion Dead?" "Living the Truth,
Is God a Mind ?" "The Religion of Joy,
The Uberal's Folly," "Faith and Doubt,
"The American Ideal."

"They are written in a direct and interesting
style, generally profound in thought, and elicit
the attention of the intelligent reader." — Re-
formed Church Review.

"Many of these articles might appear without
criticism in the most orthodox church weeklies
and magazines. One in particular, on The
Hunger After Righteousness,' might be read
from any Christian pulpit as a sermon, while
the papers on 'Sexual Ethics/ 'Monogamy and
Free Love' and 'Morality and Virtue" will aston-
ish the very large class who imagine that rejec-
tion of dogma tends to subversion of morals.
This is a good book for those who want to
know what unbelievers really believe." — Book
News,

"Their author is evidently animated by a
broadly catholic spirit, is widely read, and writes
in the interests of higher morality." — Milwaukee
Sentinel,

"What Dr. Cams says on ethical subjects,
though containing nothing particularly new, will

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

51

find an echo in the hearts of good men of every
creed. He is wholly uninfected with the social-
istic heresies now so widely prevalent, and he
sternly rebukes those free-thinkers who regard
morality with indifference and scoff at its re-
quirements. . . . As an example of existing
tendencies, as well as by its moral earnestness,
this book will interest the reader." — Science.

"While these essays are opposed to some of
the teachings of dogmatic Christianity, they are
full of the spirit of the highest Christian mo-
rality and are not in any true sense antagonistic
to religious faith. They are constructive rather
than destructive." — Review of Reviews, New
York.

"It has all the genuine life and spirit of Chris-
tianity, but is free from the dogmatic theology
which is a stumbling block to so many intelli-
gent believers. . . . Everyone who is inter-
ested in the great problem of life, death and
immortality should read this volume and pon-
der over its practical suggestions." — Daily Her-
ald, Norristown, Pa.

"It is always a pleasure to read the utter-
ances of the author of this book when religion
and morality are under consideration. He is so
frank in stating his own views and so utterly
free from harshness or uncharitableness in stat-
ing his opposition to the views of others as to
be able to carry any reader along without per-
sonal irritation. . . . We are attracted by
the strong moral and spiritual tone in the book,
and find a reverence and devotion here for
things of the spirit, which do not exist in
some of our so-called religious writers. . . .
It will stir many a soul to a higher life." —
Public Opinion.

Opposed to
dogma, but
Christian
in spirit.

^

52

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

The
new
orthodoxy.

The

Religious

Parliament.

THE DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS
ERA AND OTHER ESSAYS. Pages,
vi, 145. Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net).
The author gave up the religious con-
viction which had become dear to him in
his youth because he found it untenable
under the strain of scientific critique. He
first modified his faith, and finally sur-
rendered everything that could be defended
only by the claim of tradition or special
revelation, thereby he reached the bottom
rock and built up a new faith on the eternal
truths that can be proved by science, and
are verifiable in our daily experience. This
is the constructive part of his work, which
makes him the most conservative of radicals.
He is vigorously opposed to agnosticism and
all equivocation as well as indifference,
building up a new orthodoxy of scientific-
ally tenable truths.

This new religious era, which is here
vividly described, had its dawn in the
spirit that made the Religious Parliament
possible.

This little volume contains also a critical

analysis of Professor Romanes's "Thoughts

on Religion," discussing the reasons for his

allied conversion to Christianity shortly

before his death; and finally an essay on

The New Orthodoxy." Instead of de-

otmcing orthodoxy as is now customary,

>r. Cams defends the ideal of having the

ETHICS AND RELIGION. 53

right faith and proposes to develop from
the old orthodoxy a new orthodoxy which
can stand the test of science.

THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Pages,
*' vi, 145. Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d.).
Religion should be able to stand the test
of scientific critique. That religion which
contains no presumptions incongruous with
the verified truths of science alone fulfills
all demands. The present volume is an The
attempt to outline the doctrines of a relig- sanctity of
ious conviction, whose ideals of God, soul, scientific
immortality, together with its moral aspira- truth,
tions, are tenable before the tribunal of
science.

"The best and briefest possible popular ex-
position of the scientific attitude toward the re-
ligious sentiment that we have read." — New
England Magazine,

"*The Religion of Science* is, in its way, a
masterpiece. Its author is unique, interesting
and suggestive as a thinker. We may not, we
do not, agree with his conclusions, but we ad-
mire his force, originality and independence." —
Boston Daily Traveler.

"It is one of those helpful books which, in-
stead of repudiating man's part, sneering at his
religious history, and with grotesque and nar-
row bigotry more intolerable than that which it
scorns, renouncing the hard-earned wealth of
human experience and striving and martyrdoms,
rather enters joyfully into the spirit of tiiat

54

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

«

Blessed is
he who
trusts in
the truth."

past and, learning its wisdom, goes forward in
the strength of it to new positions of security
and enlightenment." — Rev, Robert D. Towne,

"With much that he says we fully agree, and
we respect the moral earnestness with which he
discusses the problems of life and duty. . . .
We have read his book with interest, and we
cordially echo the sentiment he expresses that
'blessed is he who trusts in the truth, who
hearkens to its behests, and leads a life in
which obedience to truth is exemplified.*" — Sci-
ence,

Entheism.

XHE IDEA OF GOD. Fourth edition.
'*' Pages, 32. Paper cover, 15 cents (pd.).
This pamphlet is a lecture delivered be-
fore the Ethical Culture Society in Chi-
cago long before the author published his
more comprehensive exposition on his solu-
tion of the problem of God. It contains the
following chapters: The Nature of Ideas,
The Ethnology of the Word God, also the
Hebrew names of God, the Reality of Ab-
stract Ideas, the Different Conceptions of
God, Entheism as a Monistic Conception of
God, and a conclusion on the Universality
of God.

"A wonderful little book . . . clear, log-
ical and scientific. . . . No Christian should
fail to read it."— Cwrr^n/ Events,

it

'An effort to purify our 'Idea of God,' that it
may be greater, sublimer and more awe-inspir-
ing to future generations than it has ever been
yet." — Literary World, London.

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

55

pOD: AN INQUIRY Into the Nature
^^ of Man's Highest Ideal and a Solution
of the Problem from the Standpoint of
Science. Pages, iv, 245. Boards, cloth
back, $1.00 (4s. 6d.).

The God-conception here presented is
that of the God of Science, not of nescience.
The author combats agnosticism and the
God preached is not an unknowable being
whose existence cannot be proved and
whose nature is a logical impossibility.
The God of Science is that principle which
constitutes the cosmic order of natural law,
and which, in the religious development of
mankind, is discovered as the authority of
conduct. He is a God whose existence
even the atheist cannot deny.

One reader who looks upon religion as
a huge aberration of the human mind said
to the author: "People will say that the
book is written by an atheist," to which the
author replied: "I would make no objec-
tion if they only modify the statement by
saying, 'Written by an atheist who loves
God.' "

The author claims that his God is the
only true God, and that other God-concep-
tions, especially the traditional views of the
churches, are only surrogates, which did
service so long as the truth was not yet
forthcoming.

The author calls this new and scientific

The
God of
science.

"An atheist
who loves
God.'

ft

56

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

"Theonomy"
and

"nomothe-
ism.

doctrine of God "theonomy/* which bears
the same relation to theology as does
astronomy to astrology.

This view is not the old pantheism, for
God is not identified with the All; God is
omnipresent in nature (a view which is
called "entheism"), but for all that he is
different from nature. He is not the total-
ity of existence, but its norm (or notnos),
forming, directing and determining all
things, and so this God-conception may ap-
propriately be called "nomotheism."

Rev.

James

Hastings

'Taul Carus is a clear thinker. His book
is stimulating. We have read every word of
it with unflagging interest. It helps one greatly
in thinking about the mystery of all mysteries,
the mystery of God." — Universalist Leader,

"A clear statement of a modem view which
is neither pantheistic nor personal." — Religious
Education,

"Dr. Carus's work on 'God' is one of the
finest and most helpful books on the subject
we have seen. It is written in a clear, force-
ful style, and in a broad, sympathetic spirit.
Every person struggling with intellectual doubt
and uncertainty should get a copy. It is illu-
minating." — FelloTVship,

"At the office of The Open Court in Chicago,
Dr. Paul Carus, the indefatigable and the
brave, has published five volumes together.
Five volumes of most unmistakably religious
interest, and each vying with the other in
independence. This is the first article in the
creed of Dr. Carus — ^independence. Tradition is

ETHICS AND RELIGION.

57

nothing, and the idea which so irresistibly
sent Newman into the Roman Church, the
idea that 'the whole world' cannot be wrong,
is pure heresy to Dr. Paul Carus and to those
who write for him. The 'whole world* is more
likely to be wrong than not. The 'whole world'
almost always has been wrong. But, right or
wrong, the 'whole world' is nothing to Dr.
Carus. Let every man be fully persuaded in
his own mind." — Rev, James Hastings, in the
Expository Times.

Compared
with
Cardinal
Newman.

HISTORY OF RELIGION.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVIL.
*' And the Idea of Evil from the Earliest
Times to the Present Day. Printed in two
colors, from large type, on fine paper.
Bound in cloth, illuminated with cover
stamp from Dore. Five hundred 8vo
pages, with 311 illustrations in black and
tint. Price, $6.00 (30s.).

Beginning with prehistoric Devil-worship
and the adoration of demon gods and mon-
ster divinities, the author surveys the
ancient beliefs of the Summero-Accadians,
the Persians, the Jews, the Brahmans, the
Buddhists, the early Christians and the
Teutonic nations. He then passes to the
demonology of the Middle Ages, the Ref-
ormation, and Modern times, discussing the
Inquisition, witchcraft, and the history of
the Devil in verse and fable.

Though the problem of evil is thus

Idea of
evil in

• * ,

antiquity

S8 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

treated in its historical phase, the main pur-
port of the book is philosophical, pointing
out that the contrasts, good and evil, are
the realities of life, and so the ideas, God
and Satan, stand for actual facts. Though
there is no Devil with horns and hoofs, as
represented in mediaeval folklore, he is a
real presence in the life of man which has
to be reckoned with. In this sense, Dr.
Carus quotes Goethe's quatrain on the Evil
One:

Goethe's "You have the Devil underrated,

quatrain I cannot yet persuaded be!

on the A fellow who is all-behated

Evil One. Must something be."

"It is seldom that a more intensely absorbing
study of this kind has been made, and it can
be safely asserted that the subject has never be-
fore been so comprehensively treated. . . .
Neither public nor private librarian can afford
to be without this book, for it is a well of in-
formation upon a subject fascinating to both
students and casual readers." — Christian Israel-
ite.

"The work is a triumph of the printers' art,
having more than 300 illustrations of the rarest
and most curious religious deities, good and
bad. For an interesting and instructive volume
on demonology. Dr. Paul Carus* work surpasses
anything we have ever seen." — Pacific Medical
Journal.

"The author has shown great diligence in
gathering illustrative material, and it is doubt-
ful if any such collection of ancient and mod-
em, quaint and curious, picturesque and fright-

HISTORY OF RELIGION.

59

ful pictures relative to the subject has been
before offered to English readers."— T/r^ DiaL

"We have several hours' reading here, and it
is made the pleasanter by a profusion of grue-
some pictures — ^pictures of the devil in all his
shapes and of the devil's wonderful ways with
his victims and votaries. The book as a book is
charming, as charming as a book about the
devil could be." — Expository Times, London.

"The pictorial illustrations of this subject
from earliest Egyptian frescoes, from pagan
idols, from old black-letter tomes, from, quaint
early Qiristian sculpture, down to the model
pictures of Dor6 and Schneider, add greatly to
the value of the book." — M. E, Magazine and
Review.

ADDITIONAL ARTICLES ON THE DEVIL.

The Reality of the Devil. With Illustra-
tions. Open Court, XIX, No. 595,
page 717.

Healing by Conjuration in Ancient Baby-
lon. A correction of the interpretation
given in The History of the Devil, pp.
43 and 46. Open Court, XXIII, 65.

Indian Chieftain's Story, An. Open Court,

XV, 376.

THE STORY OF SAMSON. And Its
* Place in the Religious Development of
Mankind. 80 illustrations. Pages, 183.
Comprehensive index. Boards, $1.00, net
(4s. 6d.,.net).

The figure of Samson finds its prototype
in those traditions of all primitive hislorical
peoples which relate to a solar deity. Dr.

Quaint
pictures of
the devil in
mediaeval
folklore.

Samson,
a prototype
of
Christ.

6o

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Solar heroes

and

the zodiac.

Cams believes that genuine tradition, no
matter how mythological, is more conserva^
tive than is at first apparent. Though the
biblical account of Samson's deeds, like
the twelve labors of Heracles, is the echo
of an ancient solar epic which glorifies the
deeds of Shamash in his migration through
the twelve signs of the zodiac, there may
have been a Hebrew hero whose deeds re-
minded the Israelites of Shamash, and so
his adventures were told with modifications
which naturally made the solar legends
cluster about his personality.

The main significance of the Samson
story, however, consists in the important
fact that Samson is the prototype of
Qirist; and this leads to a discussion of
the stories of gods who die and rise to
life again.

Comparisons are drawn between Samson
on the one hand, and Heracles, Shamash,
Melkarth, Siegfried and, ultimately, Christ
on the other. The appendix contains a
controversy with Mr. George W. Shaw, in
which is discussed at some length the rela-
tion between myth and history.

Samson

and

Christ.

"Charmingly printed and copicmsly illustrated."
— Picayune,

"The discussion is learned and in good spirit."
— Watchman,

"This beautifully illustrated book abounds in
parallels to the Samson Qtory from other liter-

atures than the Hebrew, and sets forth the un-
historical character of the story as a sun-myth.
The view is not new, but is more fully pre-
sented here than elsewhere."— Bit JiVai World.

THE BRIDE OF CHRIST. A Study in
* Christian Legend Lore. 80 illustra-
tions of reproductions of famous paintings.
Pages, vii, in. Parchment boards, doth
back, 75 cents {3s. 6d.),

The legend of St. Catharine, the bride of
Christ, though once very popular, is almost
forgotten now. The Puritan spirit, so
powerful among Protestants, which wants
religion pure and simple, without romance
and sometimes even without the adornment
of art, has affected even Roman Catholics,
and yet the legend is full of charm and is
apt to prove fascinating even to the un-
believer.

Though the legend is neglected, the idea
of a hride of Christ still lives even in
Protestant hymns, where following the
precedent of St. Paul and the traditions of
the mystics, the bride represents either the
church or the soul.

The story of the bride of Christ possesses
an additional interest to the student of
religion who is able to trace its history and
compare it with its pagan prototypes. This
is done in the present book and it is done
with an appreciation of the rehgious senti-
ment that produced the legend and inspired

St. Catharine
and
mystic
marriage.

Pagan
Prototypes.

62

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

innumerable artists to give a worthy pres-
entation of this conception of ideal woman-
hood.

Parallel
Christian
and pagan
legends
and symbols.

"Dr. Cams, in his numerous writing, is fond
of running parallels between Qi'nstian and
pagan legends and symbols; and he is busy
in that sense in this exquisite work.

"The splendid reproductions of ancient statu-
ary and decorations, and of the old masters'
pictures, are truly delightful." — The Coming
Day, London.

"Do not lose sight of Dr. Paul Cams. Through
devious and yet delightful ways he leads us,
always illuminating the path by means of the
most charming illustrations, and he brings us
to rest at last in a thankful contemplation of
the peace which the mystical love of Christ
was able to bring to the devout saints of the
early ages of the Cross." — Expository Times,
London.

"The St. Catharine legends grew to their
completest proportions during the age of ex-
aggerated chivalry, so that the earlier Christian
symbol of the Bride as the Church, finally de-
veloped into a mystic marriage with the spir-
itualized soul of a pure saint, Catharine mean-
ing purity. The book is beautifully illustrated
with one hundred and six reproductions from
the old masters, who have painted the subject."
— Christian Advocate.

"In The Bride of Christ Paul Carus adds
another to his series of pleasantly written, well
illustrated studies in comparative religions.
These studies are not designed for critical
study, but rather for a cultivated populace,
although the popular style does not detract
from the force with which the central theme
is set forth."--CAica^o Record-Herald.

"A curious byway of religious folklore is
explored in an interesting manner by Dr. Cants
in this volume. Many interesting pictures il-
lustrate Dr. Cams' stimulating text." — Boston
Herald.

•There is scarcely a gieat artist of the fif- St. Catharine
teenlh and sixteenth centuries who has not :„ «-*
painted a "St. Catharine' or a 'Mystic Mar- "' ■"''-
riage." The history of the legend is full of
interest, and Dr. Carus traces it from its
most ancient pagan origin through its varied

forms of religious sentiment. The symbolism

of the union of the soul with its Savior runs
through all the varied forms of this legend
and makes it one of unusual sweetness." —
Modem Miracles.

'THE PLEROMA. An Essay on the
■*■ Origin of Christianity. Pages, 150.
Cloth, $1.00 (4s.).

Christianity has become the religion of
the civilized worid and mankind dates a
new era with the birth of its founder, Jesus
Christ. As in all religions, its origin has
been attributed to a supernatural revelation,
and opinions vary greatly as to its charac-
ter, its worth, and the desirability of adher-
ing to its tratlhions. The present book is
a comparatively short treatise, which shows
in terse outlines how Christianity naturally
and necessarily developed as the inevitable
result of the conditions of the age. In this Fulfillment
sense Christianity came — to use the ter- of religious
minoiogy of the early church — as the needs of
Pleroma, the fulfillment of the times. the times.

64

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Christianity
anticipated

by

paganism.

The future

of

Christianity.

A new point of view is taken, in so far
as the old orthodox interpretation so vigor-
ously insisted on by Augustine is retained,
that Christianity is practically the religion
of mankind as it was from the beginning
of history, and thus it is not Jewish but
Gentile in its character. The ideals of a
godman, of a savior, of the immortality
of the soul, of a trinity, of the sacrament,
are traceable in paganism but are con-
spicuously absent in Judaism.

The subject is treated in four divisions:
Christianity Predetermined by the Needs
of the Age ; Pre-Christian Gnosticism, The
Bloom Preceding the Fruitage of Chris-
tianity; How the Gentile Savior Changed
into the Christ, and The Origin of Judaism
and Its Significance for Christianity. The
conclusion discusses the future of Chris-
tianity.

"It is a book which reconciles us to the
church of God universal and the brotherhood
of all men at all times. There is not an
orthodox Christian on the earth who might not
be broadened or softened by it. We lose noth-
ing but our mistaken prejudices by reading it."
—The Sketch Book, Chicago.

"One of the ablest books on the subject." —
Daily News, Springfield, Mass.

"A valuable contribution to the literature of
Christian orif^ns"— Independent Gazette, Phil'
adelphia, ..

ANGELUS SILESIUS. A Selection
*^ from the Rhymes of a Seventeenth
Century German Mystic. Translated in the
original meter, with introduction. Pages,
xxxiii, 174, Cloth, blue and gold, $r.oo
(4S. 6d.).

Mysticism is banished from the domain of
science, but science is not the only mode of
approach to truth. There are other avenues
which lead to the ideal realm ; one is art,
the other sentiment.

Art attempts to picture life subspecie
puichritudinis, viewing the world in the
mirror of beauty. The mystic, however,
is swayed by sentiment ; he endeavors to
feel the solution which he deems too deep
for the intellect.

Dr. Canis has again and again opposed
the mystic's claim, both in science and
philosophy, but he is not for that reason an
enemy of mysticism per se. He has ex-
plained his views on the subject in an article
on mysticism, which appeared in The Mon-
ist, XVIII, 75, and his appreciation of
mystic thought has led him to translate a
selection of the verses of Johannes Scheff-
ler, better known as Angelus Silesius.

The preface of the present edition con-
tains a sketch of the life of Angelus Silesius
with a few illustrations, and the English
translation is accompanied by the German
text.

A poet
of

religious
mysticism.

Truth and
error in
Mysticism.

66

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Humor

and

philosophy.

Goethe and
Schiller in
collabora-
tion.

COWARD'S DREAM. The Philosophy
*^ of a German Humorist. Translated
and edited, with introduction, by Dr. Cams,
Pages, 75. Cloth, red and gold, $1.00 (4s.
6d.).

Humor as a rule appears frivolous and
flippant to the narrow-minded bigot who
glories in vinegar and scowls at the silver
ring of a laugh as an impious demonstra-
tion. But, after all, the roots of humor go
down into the most secret recesses of the
human heart and are nourished by thoughts
of a broad and profound comprehension of
Ufe.

Wilhelm Busch's humorous writings are
the expression of a world-conception which
teaches us to smile at the ills of life. He
has reached this point of view by rising
above himself and by looking down upon
the world from a standpoint of good-
natured and sympathetic irony.

He has expressed his philosophy in a lit-
tle book called Edward's Dream, the sub-
stance of which is here presented. It is a
product of German humor, but its place in
the library is among the philosophers.

pOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XEN-
^^ IONS. Selected and translated into
English. Bound in album shape on heavy
paper. Paper covers. Pages, vii, 162.
Price, So cents (2s. 6d0.

GERMAN LITERATURE.

67

The appearance of the Xenions is sig-
nificant in the lives of both Goethe and
Schiller. Each one of them is the product
of their common activity. Some of them
are personal and satirical, while others in-
corporate in the terse form of a distich,
profound thoughts or far-reaching moral
principles. The latter class, containing
thoughts of enduring worth, have been
selected here for the sake of making them,
as they deserve to be, a part of English
literature.

They are translated in the original meter
and with the assistance of a preface consti-
tute a good introduction to the methods of
classical prosody.

CRIEDRICH SCHILLER. A Sketch of
^ His Life and an Appreciation of His
Poetry. Profusely illustrated. Pages, 102,
octavo. Boards, cloth back, illustrated,
cover, 75 cents net (3s. 6d.).

Schiller, the poet, is better known than
Schiller, the thinker. The present mono-
graph, which is devoted to the biography
of Schiller, dwells mainly on his philosophy
as expressed in poems, which are not so
well known as they deserve to be,

"A strong character sketch, with critical ap-
preciation of his work and specimens of his
poetry in German and English translations,
makes this volume to the Schiller lover a very

Thoughts of

enduring

worth.

Schiller's
philosophy
as expressed
in poems.

68

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Schiller's
keen insight
into sham.

attractive hook."'-Methodist Book and Publish-
ing House, Toronto,

"Schiller's philosophical thought, his keen
insight into sham and pretense, and his heart-
bracing utterances for freedom, may indeed be
made .clear to all; and Dr. Cams has done
significant service. . . . We commend Uiis
book heartily."— C/im/ian Register,

'This adequately illustrated and tastefully
bound volume by Dr. Paul Cams is an ad-
mirable memorial of the recent Schiller Cen-
tenary. In addition to a biographical sketch
we have two thoughtful essays by Dr. Cams
on Schiller as a philosophical poet and on
Schiller's poetry. Both have well-diosen se-
lections of considerable extent, and it was a
good idea to present these illustrative excerpts
in both German and English."— TAe Outlook.

QOETHE, HIS PHILOSOPHY AND
^^ ART. Book now in preparation, with
numerous rare illustrations. For contents
see article list under "Goethe/'

Doctrines
and poetry
of
Buddhism.

BUDDHISM.

THE DHARMA. Or the Religion of
* Enlightenment, An Exposition of Bud-
dhism. Fifth edition. Revised and en-
larged. Pages, xii, 167. Price, 25 cents
(is.).

The Dharma is a systematic exposition
of Buddhist doctrines, containing quota-
tions of the typical tenets formulated in
Twelve Articles, an outline of the AU-
dharma, the Buddhist philosophy, and ex-

BUDDHISM.

planations refuting some popular errors.
Not the least noteworthy is a collection of
gems of Buddhist poetry. The book is
heartily recommended and indorsed by
leading Buddhist priests of different coun-
tries.

"A compact and comprehensive exposition of
Buddhism." — Boston Globe.

"If you wish to see truth in simplicity, study
this exposition of Buddhism. You will be
ashamed to call yourself Presbyterian, or Meth-
odist, or Baptist, and wish that you might be
a true and sincere Buddhist. . . Truth de-
rived from Buddhism enables us to understand
the Prophets and the Gospels aright." — Occult
Truths, IVashittgtOtt.

THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA. Eleventh Buddha's

* edition. Pages, xvi, 275. Cloth, $1,00 life from
(5s.). Buddhist

German edition of the same, entitled, sources.
Das Evangelium Buddhas. Pages, 352.
Cloth, $1.25 (5 marks).

The sacred books of Buddhism are very
voluminous, and the Scriptures referring to
the life of its founder have never been sys-
tematically compiled. Soon after the Relig-
ious Parliament, when Dr. Carus had been
thrown into contact with living representa-
tives of this remarkable faith, he undertook
this long-needed work, and he did it in a
conservative as well as sympathetic way,
arranging translations of the several sources
of the lift of the Buddha in one connected

TO

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Used in
temples
and

schools in
Japan.

"God has
nowhere left
Himself
without
witness."

narration, introducing his doctrines, to-
gether with the occasions on which they
were taught. The book has proved an un-
paralleled success, for it has become an au-
thoritative book with the Buddhists. It is
used in temples and schools in Japan, Cey-
lon and other Buddhist countries, and has
been translated into Chinese, Japanese (two
translations), Urdu, Bengali, Teluga, Si-
amese, Tamil, Malay, etc.; further, into
German, Dutch, French and Spanish.

"The book will help its readers to a clearer
conception of the character of the sweetest of
the pagans.'* — Chicago Evening Post,

"In addition to a very luminous and sug-
gestive preface, Dr. Carus furnishes a table
of references, showing at an eye-glance the
sources of his extracts and the parallelism in
the Gospels. He gives also a glossary of
names and terms, a method of pronunciation
and a good index. The simplicity of this
presentation, the freedom of the text from
notes or uncouth and outlandish diacritical
points, and the general arrangement of the
work, are admirable. . . It is admirably fitted
to be a handbook for the single reader or for
classes." — The Critic.

"A volume which many readers will find full
of fascinating interest. . . Read with a
pretty wakeful discrimination, this is a book
which is fitted to widen one's thoughts as to
the religious nature of man everywhere; to
convince one of the truth that God has nowhere
left Himself without witness."— 7/*^ Advance,

"Dr. Carus' book is one which will be ap-
preciated by many a student of the religions

of the world, who will find here the best
thoughts of the great Oriental faith put into
readable shape by a clever, a. learned and a
sympathetic scholar. "Secular Thought.

"A series of chapters of extracts from the
words of Buddha, from what for the Buddhist
corresponds to our Bible, so to express it.
iMany chapters are beautiful in form and noble
in sentiment. It is not offered in hostility to
Christianity, but for study in connection with
the latter and in the hope of promoting spiritual
reflection."— rft* CoftgregalionalisS.

'The book furnishes very pleasant reading,
and we lay it down with the feeling that if
the Hindus, and the Chinese, and the Japanese,
who are mostly Buddhists, conform their lives
to the doctrines taught by their great masters,
they will fare well both in this world and
the next."— JVewi York Herald.

"The book is undoubtedly the best popular
work on Buddhism in the English language.
. . . . I think Dr. Cartts presents an ac-
curate account of Buddhism in his work." —
D. B. layalilaka, B. A.. Head Master Buddhist
High School, Kandy, Ceylon.

"I have read the work and like it immensely.
I shall use it in our English schools." — A. B.
Buult/ens, B. A., Principal of Ananda College,
and General Manager of Buddhist Schools at
Colomba, Ceylon.

"It is a perfect exposition of Buddha's life,
his doctrine and his order; it is most instruc-
tive and impressive." — Translated from Ike Jio-
Do-Kioho.

DUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN
*-' CRITICS. New and revised edition.
Pages, 311. $1.25 (6s. 6d.). Contents:

A
Buddhist

Bible.

A

text book

72

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Buddhism
compared
with
Christianity.

The

mission

problem.

The Origin of Buddhism; The Philosophy
of Buddhism; The Psychological Problem;
The Basic Concepts of Buddhism; Bud-
dhism and Christianity; Christian Critics.

Buddhism, so important in the history of
religion on account of its many parallels
to Christianity, is greatly misunderstood and
misrepresented. The present book sets
forth in brief, but sufficiently detailed out-
lines, the origin of Buddhism, its philos-
ophy, its psychology, and its underlying
world-conception, contrasting it with Chris-
tianity, pointing out similarities, discussing
the probabilities of a mutual influence, and
finally criticizing the leading Christian
critics of Buddhism. Dr. Cams shows a
sympathetic attitude toward Buddhism,
without, however, opposing Christianity.
He pays considerable attention to the mis-
sion problem, and advocates missions on
both sides for the purpose of mutual ex-
change of thought. The church that does
not missionarize is dead. Therefore we
ought to send out missionaries, but we
ought also be willing to receive missionaries
of another faith.

"What our author says of missionaries should
be read and heeded by missionaries everywhere.
As a study in comparative religion, as a de-
marcation between the abstraction and pas-
sivity of Buddhism and the activity and salva-
tion-in-struggle of Christianity, Dr. Cams' vol-

BUDDHISM.

ume is admirable. It is hardly less so in its
illuminalive description, of the origin, basic
concepts, philosophy and psychology of Bud-
dhism itself. The author's calm judicial-mind-
edness and absence of mere scnlimentaUsm
peculiarly fit him for the work." — Outlook.

"The enlightened Buddhist would be helped
by i(, and there is not a sectarian Christian
on the planet who might not be broadened or
softened by it. It is a reconciling book." — The
Coming Day, London.

PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART,
* HISTORICAL AND MODERN. Il-
lustrations of Rqiresentative Monuments
and Other Pictures. Thirty-one plates and
descriptive text. 50 cents, net (2s. 6d.,
net).

This is a collection representative of dif-
ferent periods and types chosen almost at
random from a wealth of innumerable art
productions that have originated under the
influence of the Buddhist religion. One
novel feature consists in the illustrations of
Dr. Carus's Gospel of Buddha, painted by
Eduard Biedermann, who offers in these
pictures a modem interpretation of the
Buddhist ideal, basing a Western treatment
upon a historical conception.

CTORIES OF BUDDHISM. A trilogy,
" comprising:

(a) KARMA. A story of Buddhist eth-
ics. Illustrated by Kwasong Suzuki. Anier-

Influence of
Buddhism
on Oriental

74

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Buddhist

morality,

psychology,

and

theology.

Tolstoy's
recom-
mendation.

lean edition. Pages, 47. 15 cents (lod.).
Japanese edition. Quaint water-color illus-
trations. Crepe paper, tied in silk. 75
cents (3s. 6d.). Karma, eine buddhistische
Erzahlung. German edition, with outline
illustrations. Paper, 35 cents (is. 6d.).

The story of Karma drives home in a
direct and forcible way the advisability of
good-will toward all. Count Tolstoy com-
mended it for both "its artlessness and its
profundity." He translated the story into
Russian, and hence was supposed in cer-
tain retranslations from Russian into
French, German, and English to be its
author. When he discovered the error, he
wrote : *T deeply regret not only that such
a falsehood was allowed to pass unchal-
lenged, but also the fact that it was a false-
hood in reality, for I should be very happy
were I the author of this tale. ... It
is one of the best products of national wis-
dom, and ought to be bequeathed to all
mankind.''

"A thing of rare beauty.— Bo^fon Daily Ad-
vertiser.

"Simply a gem,'*— Presbyterian and Reformed
Review.

"I read it aloud to children, and they liked
it. And among grown-up people its reading
always gave rise to conversation about the
gravest problems of life. And, to my mind,
this is a very good recommendation." — Count
Leo Tolstoy,

k

BUDDHISM.

75

"The story puts the tangled and mysterious
doctrine of Karma in such clear and pretty
lights that each chapter reads in epigram melo-
dious as the proverbs and as absorbingly in-
teresting as a fairy Tomance."— Chicago Daily
News,

'There is nothing in the shape of a holiday
book on the market that so strongly appeals
to the intelligent and cultivated reader as does
this odd and beautiful publication." — The Amer^
ican Israelite,

"The tale is in Dr. Carus'
at once charms and enslaves,
held spellbound till the end is
rises a wiser and better man.
wholesome as it is sparkling,
as it is frank and fearless." —
Journal,

loftiest vein. It

The reader is

reached, and he

The tale is as

and as uplifting

The Gentleman's

ARTICLE IN COMMENT ON KARMA.

Sampietro's Mother. By Dr. Paul Carus.
Open Court, XIX, No. 595, p. 756.

(b) NIRVANA. A story of Buddhist
psychology. Illustrations by Kwasong Su-
zuki. Pages, 93. Boards, 60 cents, net.

In the development of its plot the story
Nirvana contains an exposition of Buddhist
psychology, together with an explanation
of the Buddhist view of life after death.

Compare "The Buddhist Conception of
Death," by the Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku,
Mon, xvii. I ; and the chapter entitled
"Buddhism and Oriental Culture" in 5*^-
mons of a Buddhist Abbot, by the same
author.

Buddhist
conception
of
immortality.

76

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Buddhist
wedding
ceremony.

The

Buddhist
God-
conception.

"The scene is in a Brahman village in North-
em Central India, and reminds one of parts
of Mr. Rudyard Kipling's 'Jungle Books.' There
is a charming account of a wedding ceremony,
after which the wise men discourse of the
Tathagata as taught by a wandering disciple
of Buddha." — London Spectator.

"This little book deserves translation into the
languages of all countries where Buddhism is
either believed in or studied, for it works on
the lines laid down by the Pali originals, to
which (with commendable clearness of ref-
erence) it owes its inspiration." — The Athe-
naum, London,

(c) AMITABHA. A story of Buddhist
theology. Pages, 121. Boards, 50 cents,
net.

The story of Amitabha has a historical
setting in the ascendancy of the kingdom of
Gandhara, under King Kanishka, whose in-
terest in Buddhism and whose connection
with Acvaghosha, the great Buddhist phil-
osopher, are well known. The plot gives
ample opportunity in discussion and inci-
dent to explain and illustrate some of the
cardinal points of Buddhism, especially in
regard to the way of salvation and the God-
conception represented by Amitabha Bud-
dha, the Source of Infinite Light and the
Standard of Being, as distinct from the
Brahman idea of a conscious personal
deity.

The frontispiece is a reproduction of a
statue found at Gandhara, which is sup-

CHINESE SUBJECTS.

posed to be the oldest Buddhist statue now
in existence. It is especially appropriate to
accompany the story of Amitabha, for it
represents the influence of the Greek sculp-
tors who in Kanishka's reign "flocked to
Gandhara, transplanting the art of their
home to the soil of India."

The American editions of the trilogy will
be sent to one address for $i.oo.

It should be noticed that the Japanese
crepe edition of Karma is not included in
this offer. If desired, add 60 cents to above
ofifer to include it.

Influence
of Greek

sculptors

CHINESE SUBJECTS.

pHINESE PHILOSOPHY. An Ex-

^^ position of the Main Characteristic
Features of Chinese Thought. Numerous
diagrams, native characters and illustra-
tions. Paper, 25 cents (is. 6d.).

It is a sketch, not an exhaustive treatise,
and still less a history of Chinese philoso-
phy. It purports to serve as an introduc-
tion to the intricacies of typically Chinese
notions, explaining their symbols and re-
vealing their mysteries in terse and intelligi-
ble language. The brevity is intentional,
for the essay is meant to give a bird's-eye
view of the Chinese world-conception.
While appreciating the remarkable genius
exhibited by the founders of the Chinese

Remarkable
genius of
founders of
Chinese
civilization.

78

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Endorsed
by the
Chinese
government.

Chinese
philosophy
a rare
mixture of
deep thought
and idle
speculations.

civilization, the author points out the foibles
of the Chinese and traces them to their
source. It is noteworthy that in spite of its
candid and unreserved criticism, the essay
was well received by the Chinese authori-
ties and was granted the rare honor of be-
ing recommended by the Tsung Li Yamen
of Peking, the Imperial Foreign Office, and
placed on file in their archives.

A Chinese scholar writes: "When the
Tsung Li Yamen voluntarily certifies that
a Western scholar fully understands Chi-
nese philosophy, and the Book of Changes
as an incidental section of the same, it
would be well for those who happen to be
interested in either of these topics to in-
quire what he has to say. . . . Suffice
it to say that the author has made a pro-
found, if not an absolutely incomprehensi-
ble topic, to a certain extent, luminous, and
to an even greater degree, interesting."

"The author gives in his introduction terse
and discriminating characterizations of the 'rare
mixture of deep thought and idle speculations'
which make up the Chinese philosophy, and in
his conclusion expresses equally just opinions
of China's present unhappy helplessness." — J, M.
Foster, Stvatow, China, in the American Journal
of Theology.

"Valuable and of unquestioned reliability.
The delineation of the philosophy that under-
lies the Chinese civilization is so ably done in
these pages that the reader cannot fail to ap-

"There is no one in America better qualified
than Dr. Cams to treat of this and kindred
subjects. It has been his life study — and we
know of no writer who can place so abstruse
a subject in so interesting a form." — The Com-
mercial Travelers' Magazine.

pHINESE THOUGHT. An Exposition
^^ of the Main Characteristic Features of
the Chinese World- Conception, being a.
continuation of the author's essay, Chinese
Philosophy. Illustrated, Index. Pages,
195. $1.00, net (4s. 6d.).

This book contains much that is of very
great interest in the development of Chinese
culture. Beginning in the first chapter with
a study of the earliest modes of thought-
communication among primitive people of
different parts of the world, and tracing
the growth of the present system of Chinese
caligraphy. In "Chinese Occultism" some
interesting Oriental mystical ideas are ex-
plained as well as the popular methods of
divination by means of trigrams and the
geomancer's compass. In a special chapter,
the zodiacs of different nations are com-
pared with reference to the Chinese zodiac,
and also as to a possible common Baby-
lonian origin. This chapter contains many
rare and valuable illustrations representing
almost all known zodiacs, from those of

of Chinese
conserva-
tism."

Chinese

system of
writing.

Oriental
methods
of
divination.

8o

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Zodiacs of

different

nations.

Characteris-
tics of
Chinese
morality.

Egypt to those of the natives of the West-
em hemisphere. The influence of Con-
fucius is discussed, and a hurried recapitula-
tion of the most important points in Chinese
history is given, together with a review of
the long novel which stands in the place of
a national epia Chinese characteristics and
social conditions have their place in this
volume, as well as remarks upon the part
played in China by Christian missions, and
upon the introduction of Western commer-
cialism. The author's object is to furnish
the necessary material for a psychological
appreciation of the Chinese by sketching
the main characteristic features of the ideas
which dominate Chinese thought and inspire
Chinese morality, hoping thereby to con-
tribute a little toward the realization of
peace and good-will upon earth. A gjeat
deal of information concerning things
Chinese is here gathered into small compass,
and much of it has been dug out from
recondite sources sometimes not easily ac-
cessible even to sinologists.

"The author is to be commended on the
completeness and the erudition with which he
has handled an obscure subject." — The Argonaut,

"To all interested in Chinese and other East-
ern civilization this book will possess compel-
ling fascination, so full is it of careful research,
ably presented, by one of the most competent
scholars of the age." — Courier-Journal, Louis-
vUle, Ky.

CHINESE SUBJECTS. 8i

"The essential sanity and goodness of the
Chinese character receives an appropriate trib-
ute, and its very faults are set forth as rather
misapplied virtues than anything widely varying
from our own conceptions of right and wrong.
— The Chicago Daily News,

I AO-TZE'S TAO TEH KING. Chinese- Lao-tze.
" English. With introduction, verbatim
translation and notes. With a photo-
gravure frontispiece of the traditional pic-
ture of Lao-Tze, especially drawn for the
work by an eminent Japanese artist. Ap-
propriately bound in yellow and blue, with
gilt top. Pages, 345. $3.00 (15s.).

Lao-Tze, one of the most profound sages A
in the history of human civilization, who great
lived 600 years B. C, and 100 years before moral
Buddha, left a most remarkable little treatise teacher,
on Reason and Virtue, which is here repro-
duced in its Chinese text, accompanied by
translation and explanations so as to make
even minute shades of the original accessible
to the English reader.

THE CANON OF REASON AND
* VIRTUE. Separate reprint of Lao-
Tze's Tao Teh King, the English transla-
tion only. Pages, 75. Paper, 25 cents
(is. 6d.).

"Allow me to congratulate you on your ca-
pacity for seeing into millstones." — Rev. Arthur

82

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

3S

Rev. A. H.
Smith
of the
American
Board of
Missions.

Accords
with

Christian
sentiment.

H. Smith, American Board of Missions, Tient^
sin, China,

"It goes without saying that the task of
obtaining su£Bcient acquaintance with the Chi-
nese language to translate, under the condi-
tions named, a book like that of Lao-Tze. is
a gigantic one. Dr. Cams' success is little
short of marvelous. He frequently cites the
versions of others, and it seems clear that Dr.
Cams has succeeded better than Dr. Legge or
Dr. Chalmers in the passages where we are
able to compare them — ^a very remarkable fact,
indeed" — North China Herald*

"I thank you heartily for your kindness in
sending me a copy of your fine translation and
critical exposition of Lao-Tze*s Tao Teh King.
It was years ago that I read it. Your pub-
lication of the Chinese text will be highly ap-
preciated by all who want to make a study of
the philosopher. As I read the text and then
the translation, I am astonished how well you
kept the original terseness and severe brevity
in English."— Pro/ewor S. Watasi,

"Nothing like this book exists in Chinese lit-
erature; so lofty, so vital, so restful. . . .
We have compared this translation with three
others-^two English, one German — and have no
hesitation in saying it is the most satisfactory
and serviceable as well as least expensive now
accessible to the public. The bright cover of
yellow and blue is very appropriate and sug-
gestive of the Celestial Kingdom." — The Hart-
ford Post.

"The Canon contains much that is in accord
with Christian sentiment, though written before
the time of Jesus. It is exceedingly interest-
ing as showing that tmth is the same for all
time and by whomever presented." — The Toledo
Blade.

I

T'AI-SHANG KAN-YING P'lEN. Trea-
tise of the Exalted One on Response
and Retribution. Translation from the Chi-
nese by Teitaro Suzuki and Dr. Paul Carus.
Containing Chinese Text, Verbatim Trans-
lation, Explanatory Notes and Moral Tales.
Edited by Dr. Paul Carus. i6 plates.
Pages, 135. Boards, 75 cents, net

The book contains a critical and descrip-
tive introduction, and the entire Chinese
text in large and distinct characters, with
the verbatim translation of each page ar-
ranged on the opposite page in correspond-
ing vertical columns. This feature makes
the book a valuable addition to the number
of Chinese-English text-books already avail-
able. The text is a facsimile reproduction
of Chinese texts made in Japan by Chinese
scribes.

After the Chinese text follows the Eng-
lish translation, giving references to the
corresponding characters in the Chinese
original, as well as to the .explanatory notes
immediately following the English version.
These are very full and explain the sig-
nificance of allusions in the Treatise and
compare different translations of disputed
passages. This is the first translation into
English directly from the Chinese original,
though it was rendered into French by

China's most
popular
religious
book.

84 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Stanislas Julien, and from his French edi-
tion into English by Douglas.

"Presents some startlingly impressive moral
injunctions." — Chicago Evening Post.

"A document of the first interest"— CAtVa^o
Daily News.

yiN CHIH WEN. The Tract of the
* Quiet Way. With extracts from the
Chinese commentary. Translated by Tei-
taro Suzuki and Dr. Paul Cams. Pages,
48. 25 cents, net.

This is a collection of moral injunctions
which, among the Chinese, is, perhaps, sec-
ond only to the Kan-Ying P4en in popu-
Translated larity, and yet, so far as is known to the

for the publishers, this is the first translation that

first time. has been made into any Occidental lan-

guage. It is now issued as a companion
to the T'ai-Shang Kan-Ying P'ien, aldiough
it does not contain either a facsimile of the
text or its verbatim translation. The origi-
nal consists of the short tract itself, which
is here presented, of glosses added by com-
mentators, which form a large part of the
book, and finally a number of stories similar
to those appended to the Kan-Ying P'ien.
The translator's notes are of value in justi-
fying certain readings and explaining allu-
sions, and the book is provided with an
index. The frontispiece, an artistic outline
drawing by Shen Chin-Ching, represents

Wen Ch'ang, one of the highest divinities
of China, revealing himself to the author
of the tract.

The motive of the tract is that of prac- Chinese
tical morality. The maxims give definite maxims of
instructions in regard to details of man's universal
relation to society, besides more general ethical
commands of universal ethical significance, significance.
such as "Live in Concord," "Forgive Mal-
ice" and "Do not assert with your mouth
what your heart denies."

"Nothing is left undone to render these ven-
erable and interesting booklets intelligible and
attractive. The form in which they are issued
does credit to the translators, to the editor, and
to the publisher. We could scarcely be taught
more impressively how ineff ace ably God has
written His law on the human heart."— Fnfice-
loH Theological Review.

r-HINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS.
^^ With illustrations by Chinese artists.
Pages, 114. 75 cents, net (3s. 6d.. net).

This book is little more than a compila- Chinese
tion of Chinese illustrations, accom.panied customs
with only as much text as wilt suffice to pictured by
explain them, and what further material has Chinese
been added is merely in the way of quota- artists,
tions from Chinese literature. The inten-
tion is to make the Chinese people charac-
terize themselves by word and picture.
Child rhymes, love lyrics and songs of
revelry are introduced in translations from

86

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

Chinese poetry which is recognized as
classical. The illustrations which form the
great body of the book are from the most
authentic sources of information concern-
ing modem life in China, unaffected by
aggressive Occidental foreigners. The book
is divided into chapters on "Annual Fes-
tivities/' "Industries and Foreign Rela-
tions," "Confucianism and Ancestor Wor-
ship," "Taoism and Buddhism,'' "Child-
hood and Education," "Betrothal and Mar-
riage," "Social Customs and Travels,
"Sickness and Death."

Quaintness
of Chinese
humor

pf

"A unique book.*' — Louisville Courier 'Journal.

"A simple presentation of the realities of
things unmixed with any theorizing. . . The
numerous illustrations are genuine specimens
of Chinese art, full of quaintness and some-
times of quiet hyimoT J*— Glasgow Daily Herald,

"With each of the reproduced illustrations
goes the explanation needed for complete un-
derstanding, whether the picture be one of the
gods, of the celebration of a religious festival,
of the planting of rice, or of boys in school.
In this way nearly the whole of the life of
the Chinese people finds exposition, and the
western man can follow his eastern cousin into
his home and through his entire days on earth
with ready comprehension." — Chicago Daily
News.

"To understand all is to forgive all," may
well be said after reading this interesting rec-
ord of the kinship of all humanity." — The
Sketch Book.

r)E RERUM NATURA. A Poem on
"^ the Nature of Things. German edi-
tion, 25 pages. English edition, 17 pages.
Parchment, 25 cents (is.). Paper, 15
cents.

The world problem has always been a
fascinating theme for poet-philosophers.
The title, De Rerum Natura, is taken from
a treatment of the same subject, written by
another Cams ( Titus Lucretius) . But
while the poet-philosopher of the golden
age of Latin literature has written a pon-
derous and argumentative discourse, his
modem follower is terse, and attempts to
express only the sentiments of the modern
science-molded man, in contemplation of
the Great All, of the soul and its destiny.

The poem was originally published in the
Philosophische Monatshefte. An English
translation of the above has been made by
Charles Alva Lane in cc^laboration with the
author.

"To me yaar poem is a. souk that thrills
with genuine loftiness and grandeur; a romance
recounting: in rhythmic cadences and in rev-
erential spirit the tale of the All-Soul. It con-
demns nothing but that which is out of place,
such as ignorance and superstition, etc., and
these are not condemned, but merely disproved."
— Dr. T. T. Blaise, Mason Ciiy, Iowa.

"A noble poem, whose rugged music kindles
enthusiasm in the search for the mighty god-
dess. Truth."— ii/ffrarjp Critic, Chicago.

Poem
on the
World
Problem,

88

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

QODWARD. A Record of Religious
^^ Progress. Pages 26, 30 cents (2s.
6d.).

This is a collection of short poems reflect-
ing the author's religious development from
orthodox Christianity through infidelity to
a new and positive faith on broader, more
philosophical and truer grounds. Most of
these poems were originally written in Ger-
man, but have been rewritten by the author
to express the same thoughts in the lan-
guage of his new home.

A spiritual
autobiog-
raphy
verse.

m

Hymns of
the new
interpretation
of religion.

"This little book of verse is a spiritual auto-
biography. . . It is a surer testimony of the
certitudes of religion than that of those who
never doubted." — M. E. Magazine and Review,

SACRED TUNES FOR THE CONSE-
CRATION OF LIFE. Hymns of the
Religion of Science, with Musical Accom-
paniment. Pages, 48. so cents (2s. 6d.).
This is a collection of hymns where the
new interpretation of religion is set to some
of the most beautiful chorals and hymns.
It contains a new version of "Nearer, My
God, to Thee," and also a Bridal Song for
Marriage Ceremonies, and several Funeral
Anthems.

"The spirit of the poems is devout The
writer is sincere and honest. There is much
that is beautiful, and true, and good." — M. E,
Book and Publishing House, Toronto,

POETRY AND FICTION. 89

YHE CROWN OF THORNS. A Story
**• of the Time of Christ. Illustrated by
Eduard Biedermann. Pages, 73. Cloth,
75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net).

"The Crown of Thorns" is a story of the An episode
time of Christ. It is fiction of the charac- in the time
ter of religious legend, utilizing materials of Christ
preserved in both the canonical Scriptures
and the Apocryphal traditions, but giving
preference to the former. The hopes and
beliefs of the main personalities can be
verified throughout by documentary evi-
dence. The religious milieu is strictly his-
torical and is designed to show the way
in which Christianity developed from Ju-
daism through the Messianic hopes of the
Nazarenes as interpreted by the Apostle
Paul of Tarsus.

"A beautifully written, well-illustrated and
entertaining little book." — The Bookworm,

"Though a short story, it is one of singular
charm and power. As a whole it is a capital
instance of how legitimately and effectively for
the particular purpose in view, the imagination
may co-operate with the historic spirit. The
mood of the story is pervaded by a sentiment
of exceeding delicacy and reverence. . . .
There is not one false note in it."— Chicago
Evening Post,

PROS AND PSYCHE. One of the
^-* Quaintest Stories of the World's Folk-
Lore. Retold after Apuleius. Halftone

90

SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

reproductions, with ornamental borders, of
the famous illustrations of Paul Thumann.
Printed from pica type on Strathmore
deckle-edge paper, elegantly bound, and
with classic cover design by E. Biedermann.
Pages, XV, io8. Cloth, $1.50, net (6s.).

This ancient Greek fairy story incor-
porates, in the shape of a myth, the primi-
tive religion of a prehistoric age, teaching
the immortality of the soul. For this rea-
son, the early Christians frequently repre-
sented on their sarcophagi, Eros and
Psyche, together with the good Shepherd.
The present version, though faithful to the
original, brings out the religious aspect of
the story.

A fairy
tale of
ancient
Greece.

The real
significance
of the tale.

"The Greek tone as well as the Greek name
of the god is sustained in this little volume,
which is daintily arranged, and beautifully illus-
trated by Paul Thumann."— Ow//oo^.

"Dr. Carus is master of a clear, flowing
English style, and tells in a graceful manner
this ancient story of love and adventure."—
Dominion Presbyterian,

"Dr. Carus has brought out the religious
and philosophical leitmotiv with more emphasis
than it possesses in the original. By obliterating
the flippant and satirical tone of the Greek
writer and adding a few skillful touches where
the real significance of the tale lies, he has
made a story capable of giving religious com-
fort and at the same time of delighting the
ethical and artistic sense."— CA»Va^<? Tribune.

POETRY AND FICTION.

91

"Lovers of the beautiful in mythology and
in the book-maker's art will be enraptured over
this charming little book. The chaste and
classical design on the front cover is in keep-
ing with the high art ideal maintained through-
out. The story itself is made more attractive
than ever by Dr. Carus* discriminating explana-
tion of its origin and symbolism"—Baptist
Union,

THE CHIEF'S DAUGHTER. A Le-
* gend of Niagara. Rich photogravure
illustrations. Special initials and title page
ornaments. Printed on fine paper in large,
clear type. Pages, 54. Cloth, $1.00, net
(4s.).

This Indian legend, which relates the
annual sacrifice of a beautiful maiden to
the waters of Niagara, has here been made
the basis of a tale of religious development
and emancipation. The scene is laid in the
time of the French exploration of the North
and Middle West, and the chief European
role is played by the historic figure of
Father Hennepin.

The lesson of the legend shows the sig-
nificance of human sacrifice practiced in
all pagan religions. The cruel ritual is
abolished here in the story in a way similar
to its abandonment by European nations
after the appearance of Christianity.

"As a dainty and delicate, fanciful and phi-
losophical story, it is interesting." — Frederick
Starr, in Unity.

High ideal
of the
art of
bookmaking.

Indian
legend of
Niagara
Falls.

92 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS.

"A beautiful story, told in simple and ad-
mirably chosen language, and with plenty of
pure and ingenious moralizing between the lines
for the reader." — Chicago Record-Herald,

"Dr. Carus tells the legend with many pa-
thetically romantic incidents, in lucid and pret-
tily adaptable language, not a word but conveys
a direct and harmonious meaning. There's a
touch of exalted moralizing in the story, the
kind that appeals to the heart as well as to
the intellect." — Exchange,

TTHE PHILOSOPHER'S MARTYR-

* DOM. A Satire. Pages vi, 67.

Parchment wrapper. 50 cents, net (2s. 6d.,

net). Edition de luxe fully illustrated by

Olga Kopetsky. Boards, $1.00, net (4s.

6d., net).

A satire A satire to disprove agnosticism and

on hedonism. It ridicules the proposition that

agnosticism. the main philosophical problems are un-

solvable and shows in practical instances
that the greatest happiness of the greatest
number is by no means always desirable,
still less a test of moral conduct. These
propositions are not discussed, but eluci-
dated in a story containing a series of
humorous events leading up to the martyr
death of the hero who gallantly submits to
his fate among the cannibals in faithful
adhesion to his hedonistic philosophy.

"With the aim of the well-known author we
find ourselves in hearty accord. His satire is
more than clever; it is effective/' — Princeton
Theological Review,

SUMMARIES OF EDITORIAL ARTICLES

PUBLISHED IN

THE OPEN COURT. AND THE MONIST*

1887-1909.

ABHIDARMA OUTLINED. O. C. X, 5107-5109. Republished
in The Dharma,

ABOLITION OF WITCH PERSECUTION. O. C. X, 4946-
4949. Republished in Hist of the Devil.

ABSOLUTE, THE. O. C. VII, 3594-3596. Republished in
Primer of Phil.

ABSTRACT IDEAS, THE ASSAY OF. O. C. II, 1422. Brief
Note in Comment on David Newport's essay, "The Self-
Evident."

ABSTRACTION. O. C. VII, 3569-3572. Republished in Primer
of Phil

ACCAD AND THE EARLY SEMITES. O. C. IX, 4651-4654.
Republished in Hist, of the Devil,

ACROPOLIS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XVII, 193-21 1.
Briefly relates the history of the stronghold of Athens from
the first settlement of the Pelasgians in prehistoric times to
the despoliation of the friezes of the Parthenon by Lord Elgin.
The illustrations include a map of the Acropolis, views of the
whole from different sides, and a restoration, besides details
showing portions of the Cimonian wall, the Erechtheum, temple
of Nike Apteros, the Propylaea, the Parthenon restored and
in its present condition.

AGNOSTICISM, A DEFENDER OF. R. G. Ingersoll. O. C.
Ill, 1554. Brief note on an article on Huxley by Ingersoll.

AGNOSTICISM AND AUGUSTE COMTES POSITIVISM.
O. C. Ill, 1589-1590. Republished in Fund. Prob.

AGNOSTICISM AND MONISM. O. C. Ill, 1893-1894. In
reply to criticisms of Fund, Prob. Republished in the Appen-
dix o£ 2d Ed.

*See page 187.

94 PHILC5SOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

AGNOSTICISM AND RELIGION. O. C. II, 1042-1048; 1059-
1063. A Discussion of the Controversy between the Rev.
H. M. Field and Col. R. G. Ingersoll, and of the Hon. W. E.
Gladstone's remarks with regard to it.

AGNOSTICISM IN THE PULPIT. O. C. XX, 411-416. A
reply to the Rev. Frank Crane's eulogy on "The Cohesive
Power of Ignorance," pointing out the dangers that lurk in this
prevalent phase of popular religious thought.

AGNOSTICISM, MODESTY OF. O. C. Ill, 199a In reply
to criticisms of Fund. Prob. Republished in the Appendix of
2d Ed.

AGNOSTICISM OF MODESTY. O. C. IV, 2148. In reply
to criticisms of Fund. Prob. Republished in the Appendix of
2d Ed.

AGNOSTICISM, QUESTIONS OF. O. C. IV, 2686-2688. Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

AGNOSTICISM REVISED, THE CASE OF. O. C V, 2993.
2997. A discussion of the agnostic views of Mr. Ellis Thurtell
and Dr. Lewis G. Janes, followed by a critique of Spencerism.

AGNOSTICISM, SPENCERIAN. O. C. V, 2951-2957. Repub-
lished in Kant and Spencer.

AGNOSTICISM, TWO ERRORS OF. O. C. Ill, 1671-1672.
In reply to Paul R. Shipman. Quotes Adeline Pond's poem
about the Foolish Child and the Great Wise Man.

AGNOSTICISM. See also: "Argument, The Highest Trump
in." "Consolation of Errors." "Death is Silent, but Life
Speaks." "Ghosts and the Belief in Ghosts." "Henism, The
Wrong Method of." "Ignoramus and Inveniemus." "Monism
a Terminus of Thought, Is?" "Religious Truth Possible, Is?"
"Senses, The Limitations of Our." "Words and Their Mean-
ings." "The Unknowable."

AINUS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XIX, 163-177. A brief
sketch of the appearance, customs and beliefs of these inhabi-
tants of Yezo, who, though subjects of the Japanese empire,
are obviously a white race. It is illustrated by numerous
photographs of the native group who were brought to the
St. Louis Exposition by Prof. Frederick Starr.

ALADDIN'S LAMP. 0. C. XXII. 588-590. In comment on
Mr Tebbelts' article, "Once upon a Time," in which the
romance of childhood is praised and its loss in later years
deplored. The present article maintains thai during the days
of childhood its romance is not apparent, and that children's
woes are to them as great as serions trouble in later years;
hen'te we should feel that as life advances we gain as much
or more than we lose.

ALIENS WANTED 1 O. C. VII, 3759-376o. In comment on
the Chicago anarchists and Gov. Altgeld's action.

ALPHA AND OMEGA. O. C. XVI, 6zo. A brief note ex-
plaining that these Greek letter.^, often found in the catacombs
combined with the chrisma, probably represent a symbol oldet
than Christianity.

ALTGELD'S MESSAGE, GOVERNOR. O. C. IX. 4397-4398.
With regard to the administration of Justice, the conditions
surrounding police and justice courts, and the settlement of
labor troubles.

AMERICAN IDEAL, THE. O. C, V, 2807-2809. Repubhshed
in Horn, of Sci.

AMERICANISM AND EXPANSION. O. C. XIII, 215-223.
A justification of the government's assuming control of the
Philippines, in the light of the history and principles of the
United States.

AMERICANISM IN THE ROMAN CHURCH. O. C. XIII,
2S3-25S- The encyclical of the late Pope Leo XIII was inter-
preted by the Italian parly in the Church as a condemnation of
American tendencies. Its expressions, however, were general
enough to permit of a more lenient interpretation by Archbishop
Ireland and his followers in America. This short article presents
the position of The Open Court on the value and strength of the
Roman Catholic Church, and maintains that so long as Ameri-
canism with its love of freedom, self- reliance, and conscious-
ness of responsibility is recognized as an influence in the
politics of the Church, there is hope that she may keep pace
with the progress of Protestant countries.

AMITABHA: A STORY OF BUDDHIST .METAPHYSICS.
O. C. XVT, 415-427; 486-505; 536-549. ReprinUd in book form

96 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

under the same title. For explanatory comments see "Maha-
yana Doctrine and Art."

ANANDA METTEYA. See s, v. "Maitreya."

ANARCHISM. O. C. XV, S79-S8i. A short discussion of the
province of law and its relation to true liberty.

ANARCHISM AND SOCIALISM. O.C.I, 754. An appreciative
resume of the history of these two opposite ideals, showing
that either, by itselfy would lead to destruction; and that the
path of progress lies between the two extremes.

ANARCHISM, SOCIALISM AND. O. C. V, 2856-2857. See
s, V. "Socialism."

ANARCHISTS, A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE. O. C. IV.
2538. See s. V, "Joliet, A Visit to."

ANARCHISTS. See also "Aliens Wanted!"

ANGEL OF AUGSBURG. Agnes Bernauer. O. C. X, 4901-
4902. Republished in the Hist of the Devil,

ANGELUS SILESIUS. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 291-297. Re-
published in book form.

ANNEXATION AND INTERNATIONAL STEALING. O. C
VII, 3557. A few comments on Gen. Trumbull's remarks on
the annexation of Hawaii. See also s. v. "Expansion, but not
Imperialism."

ANSCHAUUNG, WHAT DOES IT MEAN? Mon. II, 527-
532. Republished in Kant and Spencer,

ANTHROPOID APES. Fully Illustrated. O. C XX, 6-25.
Republished in the Rise of Man.

ANTI-CHRISTIAN, NOT. O. C. X, 4936-4937- In reply to
certain criticisms of The Open Court, mistaking its attitude
on religion and science.

ANTI-VIVISECTION MOVEMENT, IMMORALITY OF
THE. O. C. XI, 370-376. This artide was written to combat
the ill-informed and sentimental exaggerations of the Anti-
vivisectionists. We sometimes have to harden our sensibilities
(as has the medical student in the dissecting room), but care
should be taken not to let such a hardening become rudeness
or vulgarity. No doubt the sentiment of compassion is good.

but it easily leads to weakness. Where it hinders us from
being courageous in the strtiggk after truth, the ant i -vivisection
movement becomes positively immoral.

ANTS. RELIGION OF. O. C. VIII, 4076-4078. Our conception
of God must necessarily be human, just as other animals (if
they couid do so) would form a God -conception in Iheir own
image. This idea is illustrated in the fable of the religion of
the ants, which is put into the mouth of a retired German
professor, who finds that the ants' scripture begins with the
sentence, "In the beginning was the Arch-Ant,"

ANUBIS, SETH. AND CHRIST. Fully Illustrated. The Sig-
nificance of the "Spottcrucifix." 0. C. XV, 65-97. Explains
the sipnificance of Anubis as a guide of souls through the
land of the dead; of the Egyptian Setb as identified with the
god of the Semitic invaders, being the same as the Greek
Typhon, the ass-headed god ; the deity on the famous Spott-
crucifix is compared to similar donkey-headed deities on the
lead tablets found in (he Via Appia; and it is pointed out
that this interesting scrawl is not made in derision of Christ,
but is a monument of the Sethite faith, presumably drawn
by a Sethite slave najned Alesamenos.

APOCRYPHA OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, O. C TX, 4700-
4702. Republished in altered form in The History of the Devil.

ARGUMENT, THE HIGHEST TRUMP IN. O. C. VI, 3266,
Republished in Twelve Tales.

ARISTOCRATOMANIA. O. C. V, 2846-2847. Republished in
Horn, of Sfi.

ART, CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC. O. C. 11, 1095-1098.
Republished in Fund. Prob. in the two chapters, "The Im-
portance of Art" and "Classical and Romantic Art."

ART IN JAPAN, MODERN. O. C. XX, 24g- Brief note in
explanation of four panel paintings by contemporary Japanese
artists, reproduced as frontispiece.

ASCENT OF M'AN. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, i^S-iga Re-
published in Rise of Matt.

ASHVAJIT'S STANZA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCR 0. C
XIX, 178-181. Republished in Dharma,

98 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

ASSOCIATION PHILOSOPHY, THE. O. C. VII, 3611-3612.
Republished in Primer of Philosophy,

ASSYRIAN POEMS ON THE IMMORTALITY OF THE
SOUL. O. C. XIX, 107-110. Translation following Talbot.
Beautiful poems illustrating the Babylonian belief in the im-
mortality of the soul.

AVATARS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XI, 464-482. Re-
published in Hist, of the Devil.

AXIOMS. O. C. VII, 3752-3755. Republished in Prim, of Phil

AZAZEL AND SATAN. O. C. IX, 4692-4693. Republished in
Hist, of the DevU.

BABISM; A NEW RELIGION. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII,
355-372; 398-420. An appreciative and historical sketch of the
youngest independent faith upon earth, which, like all other
great religions, originated in the Orient, and has given promise
to play no insignificant part among the religions of the world.
Babism believes in a personal God and positive revelations;
like other faiths in their beginnings it has thrived on martyr-
dom. After giving the history of this faith in its home in
Persia, this article is engaged in reviewing I. G. Kheiralla's
Beha U'llah, The Glory of God, and a book by Myron H. Phelps
on Abbas Effendi, "The Master of Akka," leader of one of the
two great parties into which the adherents of Babism split
after the death of its great exponent, Beha U'llah.

BABYLON, HEALING BY CONJURATION IN ANCIENT.
Illustrated. O. C. XXIH, 65-74. See s. v. "Healing."

BABYLONIAN AND HEBREW VIEWS OF MAN'S FATE
AFTER DEATH, THE. Four illustrations. O. C. XV, 346-
366. The Hebrew view of the land of Sheol, abode of the
dead, corresponds to the Assyrian Sualu. The Hebrews repu-
diated the pagan practice of calling up the dead and com-
municating with them, which appears to have been a common
custom in Babylon. Passages of the Old Testament are quoted;
Job xix. 25-27, wrongly translated in the authorized version,
is explained; and the Babylonian belief in immortality is set
forth in translations, especially the poem, Istar's Descent to
HelL

BAD FOR ME, BUT WORSE FOR HIM. 0. C. IX, 4509-
4510. Comments on G. M', Steele's criticism of Fund. Prob.

BALANCE OF THE HEART. Illustration. O. C XXH, 187-
188. Brief note on the Chinese method of keeping a record
of good and evil deeds.

BANKING METHODS, TENDENCY OF PRESENT. O. C.
XX, 185-186. Brief note on decision of New York and Chicago
banks to charge exchange on checks from smaller towns.

BARROWS. DR.. IN PARIS. O. C X, 49:1-4912- Citations
from Dr. Barrows and Abbe Charbonnel in 1896 on the pros-
pects of a Religious Parliament in Paris in 190a

BATTLE OF SHIMONOSEKI. 0. C. XVII. 303-3<^. A ro-
mantic incident ot dynasty wars in Japan, with an illustration
of the ghost-crab, whose legendary story is connected with
tile feudal history of Japan.

BEHOLD! I MAKE ALL THINGS NEW. O. C. IX, 4343-
4346. A New Year's meditation on religion, witli regard to
the reformation of Christianity through higher criticism and
a new orthodoxy.

BELUGERENCY IN CHRISTIANITY. Illustrated. 0. C
XII, 280-287. Republished in slightly altered form in Hist, of
the Devil.

BEN-MIDRASH. THE GARDENER OF GALILEE. O. C.
V, 3019-3020. Republished in Crown of Thorns.

BERKELEY'S POSITIVISM. O. C. VIII, 4042-4044. This
article, occasioned by 3 passage in Mr, T. C. Laws's "Meta-
physics of Herbert Spencer," maintains that, apart from a
difference in method and (erminology, Berkeley's idealism is
not far from agreement with the monistic positivism of Tht
Open Court.

BERNAUER, AGNES, See "Angel of Augsburg."

BHAGAVADGITA, THE. 0. C. XX, 113-118. A recent trans-
lation by Professor Richard Garbe of this canonical exposition
ot Brahinanism, is accompanied by an illuminating introduction
in the line of higher criticism. This article is
review of Professor Garbe's work.

loo PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

bible; the. Mon. X, 41-61. God is not like the pagan
gods of ancient mythologies; he speaks to us in a spiritual
way by the experiences we have in life and in the truths
which we learn. The Bible, if treated as a secular book, a
collection of records, on the same level with other books, is
great and divine. But the moment it is literally or in any
special sense proclaimed as the word of God, it becomes an
idol full of ugliness and abomination.

BIBLE AND FREE THOUGHT. O. C. II, 953-954. Repub-
lished in Horn, of Sci.

BIBLE, FAIRY TALE ELEMENT IN THE. Illustrated.
^ Mon. XI, 405-447. See s. v, "Fairy-tale."

BIBLE, PROFESSOR PEARSON ON THK O. C. XVI, 152.
Note on Prof. Chas. W. Pearson's essay, "Open Inspiration
versus a Closed Canon and Infallible Bible."

BIBLE. See also "Old Testament Scriptures." O. C. XV, 156-

175.
BUSS OF A NOBLE LIFE. O. C. IX, 4749. Obituary of

iMr. Eckley B. Coxe.

BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG. O. C. XX, 759-760. Obituary Note.

BONNEY, CHARLES CARROLL O. C. XIV, 4-8; XVII,
513-519. The first of these articles is a summary of the life
and work of the inaugurator and president of the World's
Parliament of Religions at Chicago in 1893, and the second
is an address of farewell spoken at his funeral.

BONNEY, MRS. LYDIA PRATT. XVH, 37-51. A tribute
to Mrs. C. C. Bonney and her influence on her husbands
career, including a series of poems by Mr. Bonney, of which
she was the subject

BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM, OR THE RELIGION OF
POSTULATES AND THE RELIGION OF FACTS. O. C.
X, 4851-4854. The Vedanta doctrine of the atman or self is
here discussed, as well as the Buddhistic denial of the atman
theory, together with the views of Shankara, the reformer of
Brahmanism and adversary of Buddhism — ^all in relation to
modem psychology.

BRAIN, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE. Illus-
traled. O. C. IV, 2SSO-25S3. Republished in Soul of Man and
in Psychology of the Nervous System.

BRAIN, THE THALAMIC REGION OF THE. O. C IV,
2269-2272. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of
the Nervovs System.

BRIDE OF CHRIST. Fully illustrated. O. C. XXI, 449-464.
Republished in book form under same title.

BUDDHA, CHRISTIAN CRITICS OF, O. C. IX, 447S-44?a
Republished in Buddhism and Us Christian Critics.

BUDDHA-GAYA CASE. 0. C. X, 49S?-49S8. This is a brief
account of the difficulties met by the Maha-Bodhi society and
sympathizers in trying to establish a Buddhist center at Buddha'
Gaya which might serve as a sacred place for devout Bud-
dhist pilgrims. These tacts are accompanied by observations
tending to console the disappointed enthusiasts with the thought
that religion does not consist in keeping sacred certain days,
places, or relics, and that there is but little satisfaction in the
possession of a sacred place situated in a country of un-
believers.

BUDDHA OF KAMAKURA, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XXIIT,
30?-3i3- A description with photographic iUustralions of the
Kamakura and Nara Buddhas, two of the most interesting
colossal statues of Buddhism.

BUDDHA PICTURES AND STATUES. Fully illustrated
O. C. Xn, 337-352. iMany of the illustrations have been
reproduced in the Portfolio of Buddhist Art. Besides explan-
atory details about the pictures, the article takes up the analogy
between Buddhist and Christian ideas of Paradise.

BUDDHA, THE TEMPTATION OF. O. C. XIX. 46. Brief
note relating Ihe three temptations of the Bodhisattva before
he attained Buddhahood.

BUDDHA'S HYMN OF VICTORY. THE. O. C. XIX. 46-49.
Gives Pali original and transcription, together with literal and
poetical translations into English by A. J. Edmunds, Professor
Lanman and also a new one by the author, set to music
adapted from a German choral.

I02 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

BUDDHISM AND CHRISTIANITY. Mon. V, 65-103. Re-
published in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics,

BUDDHISAf AND THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. O. C.
X, 4844-4845. In answer to Mr. T. B. Wakeman's objections
to the author's article, "Goethe a Buddhist"

BUDDHISM, CHARLES GUTZLAFF ON. O. C. X, 4820-4821.
Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics.

BUDDHISM, HINDUISM DIFFERENT FROM. O. C. XX,
253-254. See s. V. "Hinduism Different from Buddhism."

BUDDHISM IN ITS CONTRAST WITH CHRISTIANITY,
as viewed by Sir iMonier Monier-Williams. O. C. X, 4783-
4789. Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics,

BUDDHISM INTO JAPAN, INTRODUCTION OF. O. C.
VIII, 4321-4326. A review of the history of this most important
episode in the early life of Japan, corresponding in significance
to the introduction of Christianity in Europe, as given in the
History of the Empire of Japan, which was compiled and trans-
lated for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

BUDDHISM, MYTHOLOGY OF. Illustrated. Monist VI, 415-
445. Republished in History of the Devil.

BUDDHISM, ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF CHRIS-
TIANITY IN ITS RELATION TO. Monist VIII, 273-288.
Contains extracts from early and mediaeval Christian literature
bearing on the philosophical import of the soul. These extracts
are from the collection of Prof. Rudolph Eucken of Jena and
include quotations from Eusebius, Qement of Alexandria, St.
Augustine, Scotus Erigena, Eckhart and Angelus Silesius.

BUDDHISM, PHILOSOPHY OF. Monist VII, 255-286. Repub-
lished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics.

BUDDHISM, REVIVAL OF. O. C. IX, 4525. A report from a
Christian missionary journal contradicting the impression of
many, that Buddhism is a moribund faith.

BUDDHISM, THE RELIGION OF ENLIGHTENMENT. O. C.
XVII, 567-568. See s. v. "Religion," etc.

BUDDHISM TO CHRISTIANITY, MESSAGE OF. O. C. XX,
755-758. Comments on the relation between these two greatest
world-religions, including quotations from Prof. E. Washburn

Hopkins to the effect that Christianity may learn from Bud-
dhism the importance to many people of founding their formal
religion on a strictly criticized belief.
BUDDHIST ART. GREEK SCULPTURE THE MOTHER OF.
Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 306-315. See s. v. "Greek Sculpture,"

BUDDHIST CONVERT, A. O. C XVI, 250-251. A brief
sketch of the experiences of Ananda Maitreya (originally Allan
McGregor) and his rejection of the doctrines of Christianity in
favor of Buddhism,

BUDDHIST POETRY, GEMS OF. O. C. XX, 156-167. An
English translation in verse of about forty gems from the Dham-
mapada, Sutta Nipata and other Buddhist scriptures. Repub-
lished in The Dkarma.

BUDDHIST REAWAKENING IN INDIA AND CEYLON,
SYMPTOMS OF A. O. C. XII. 511-512. Report of Dharma-
pala's Ethlco- Psychological College, and of the Sanghamitta
School for Girls in Colombo. Ceylon, and of an increase of
prosperity in the Maha-Bodhi Journal.

BUDDHIST SOUL-CONCEPTION, IMMORTALITY AND
THE. O. C. VIII. 4259-4261. The similarity between the Bud-
dhist law of Karma and denial of the atman, with the monistic
soul -conception of the rehgion of science, is dwelt upon.

BUDDHIST TRACT, A. O. C. X, 5057-5062. Republished la
Budd. and Us Chris. Crit.

BUECHNER, PROF. L., ON RELIGION. O. C. II. 965-967. In
review of a pamphlet, and comment on the definitions of
religion there stated or implied.

BUSCH, WILHELM. O. C. XXII, 128. i8i-t86. , The first is a
brief obituary announcement ; the second, accompanied by a por-
trait, contains biographical notes and a discussion of the sig-
nificance of humor. Republished in Edward's Dream.

BUSCH, WILHELM, A POEM BY. O. C. XXII, 447-448. Re-
published in Edward's Dream.

CAABA. THE. Illustrated. O. C. XVIL I5i-i5,l. Contains a
view of Mecca and of the Caaba. The worship of the Caaba is
a reiic of p re-Mohammedan religion. See also "Stone Worship."

I04 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

CANAVARRO, COUNTESS M. DE S.; A MODERN IN-
STANCE OF WORLD-RENUNCIATION. Illustrated. O. C.
XIII, 111-117.

CAPITAL AND LABOR. O. C VI, 3258-3260. In the form of
an exchange of thought between two workmen of a superior
type, this sketch develops the problems of capital and labor. It
explains how certain conflicts repeat themselves in history, and
why some ideals of a definite settlement of the question are
Utopian. It is further suggested that an improvement of con-
ditions is taking place which is nothing less than the general
increase in wealth which will change laborers into small capital-
ists. When civilization has reached that stage the laborer will
be able to look at the problem from both sides.

CARNERI, THE ETHICIST OF DARWINISM. O. C. XV,
641-644.

CATHARINE OF ALEXANDRIA, SAINT. Fully illustrated.
O. C. XXI, 664-677, 727-744. Republished in The Bride of
Christ

CAUSALITY, THE PROBLEM OF. O. C. II, 1200-1204. Re-
published in Fund, Prob.

CAUSATION, IS THERE ANYTHING UNKNOWABLE IN?
O. C. II, 1254-1256. Republished in Fund, Prob.

CAUSES AND NATURAL LAWS. O. C II, 1240-1241. Re-
published in Fund, Prob.

CELESTIAL LANGUAGE, GRAMMARIAN OF THE. G. R.
Kirchhoff. O. C. II, 782-783. Kirchhoff's name is connected
with that of Bunsen in the realm of chemical science. Perhaps
their greatest service was in the perfection of spectral analysis.

CEREBELLUM AND PONS. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2255-2257.
Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the Nervous
System.

CHANDRA DAS BROTHERS. O. C. X, 4997-4998. Two native
scholars of India and their work.

CHANDRA, THE PESSIMIST. O. C VIII, 4107-4108. Repub-
lished in Nirvana.

CHARITY. O. C. VI, 3307-3308. Republished in Twelve Tales,

CHARITY BALL, THE. O. C. XXI, 122-123. Explanatory note
on the frontispiece, a reproduction of de Laubadere's painting,
which exhibits the contrast of the charitable rich to the needy
poor, represented In the picture by Christ himself.

CHASTITY AND PHAIilC WORSHIP. O. C. XVH, 611-
61?. The creative faculty is looked up to by primitive people
with awe, and the figure which speaks of God as the Father,
taken literally, sanctifies the mystery of sexual procreation. In
its original sense it is by no means obscene, ajid we find traces
of it in the Bible, where ths relation of Israel to God is spoken
of as a marriage, and idolatry resented as adultery. Some
ancient practices mentioned by Herodotus and others are quoted,
and it is pointed out how the sanetification of the sexual instinct
is of a religious nature, and this, in its best sense, is true
chastity.

CHICKEN AND THE EGG, THE. O. C. II, 854. A short
article discussing the question of priority and solving it by stat-
ing that neither the egg nor the chicken was first, but living
protoplasm which, under certain conditions, produced the egg-
bearing hen.

CHILDREN, FEW HINTS ON THE TREATMENT OF.
Monist IX, 234-247. Republished in Our Children.

CHILDREN, MORAL EDUCATION OF. 0. C. XIII, 176-184-
Republished in Our Children.

CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES, O. C. XIV, 108-no. Writ-
ten in 1900. advocating an open-door policy in the Philippines.

CHINA, BETROTHAL AND MARRIAGE IN. Illustrated.
O. C, XX, 740-754. Republished in Chinese Life and Castoms.

CHINA, FILIAL PIETY IN. O. C XVI. 7S4-?64. Republished
in Chinese Thought.

CHINA, RELIGIONS OP. O. C XVII, 622-624. Explanation
of an old Chinese drawing reproduced, representing the three
religions of China.

CHINA. See also j. v. "Confucius," and "Corea."

CHINESE ART. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 364-375. Review of
Hirth's Scraps from a Collector's Note Book and Giles' Intro-
duction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art. Contains com-
ments on Prof. Giles' interpretation of the "Three in One"

medallion; also a further exposition of the famous Wu Tao

Tze Nirvana picture.
CHINESE EDUCATION ACCORDING TO THE "BOOK OF

THE THREE WORDS." O. C. IX, 456;-4573. Translation

of this famous educational classic, preceded by some general

remarks on Chinese civilization and literature.
CHINESE FABLE, A, O. C. IX, 4622. A short fable, on which

is founded the Chinese proverb, "When the bittern and the mus-
sel fall out, ihe fisherman gains a prize."
CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS. Fully illustrated. O. C.

XX, 545-5^4, 587-615, 668-684. Republished in book form i:nder

the same title.
CHINESE OCCULTISM. Illustrated, Monist XV, 50O-5S4-

Republished in Chinese Thought.
CHINESE PHILOSOPHER, GRAVE OF A. Illustrated. O. C.

XXII, 695-700. A sketch of the Ufe and philosophy of Chou

Fu Tsz, supplementing the account given in Chinese Philosophy.
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY. Illustrated. Monist VI, 188-249.

Republished in book form.
CHINESE PROBLEM, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XV, 608-

623. Republished in somewhat altered form in Chinese Thottght.
CHINESE SCRIPT AND THOUGHT. Illustrated. Monist

XV, 271-293. Republished in Chinese Thought.
CHRISMA AND THE LABARUM. Fully illustrated. 0. C

XVI, 428-439. The Chrisma or Christogram was the favorite
Christian emblem in the fourth century. Its use is a Christian
interpretation of a pagan symbol, known as the "labarum." Con-
stantine made use of it before his conversion. Here the various
probabilities of its origin are discussed in connection with the
many associations in which it has been used.

CHRIST, A MODERN. Harold Brodrick. 0. C. VII, 3S4S-
3547. An account of one of many insane pretenders to the
divine Sonship, but one of greater interest than most. He
wrote a book containing much that is appealing and much that
is beautiful, and it is to be regretted that we have not a care-
ful scientific study of the pathology of his case.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES.

CHRIST AND CHRISTIAN. 0. C. XXII, 110-118. This article
discusses the following topics; Christ and Messiah, Christos
and Chrestos, Christ and Krishna, The Saviour Idea of Pagan
Origin, No Exact Hebrew Equivalent for the Word Saviour,
Nazarene, the Name Christian, which latter is a late Latin form
of tiie second century. In The Open Court this title is errone-
ously printed to read "Christ and Christians."

CHRIST AND THE CHRISTIANS. A Contrast. O. C. VII,
3'596-3?oo. Republished in The Religion of Science.

"CHRIST." DERIVATION OK O. C. XXII, 3?6-377. A brief
note supplementing "Christ and Christian" and in comment on
the Hon. Willis Brewer's Egyptian derivation of the word.

THE CHRIST-IDEAL AND THE GOLDEN AGE. O. C.XXH,
328-339. Containing a metrical translation of Virgil's Fourth
Eclogue written in 40 B. C, which reads like a prophecy of the
coming of the Saviour. The poem is explained and the views
about the expected saviour illustrated by other incidents of the
time. Inscriptions call Augustus the Saviour, and Tiridates of
Persia visited Nero the Roman emperor because he had heard
that the Saviour had appeared on earth.

CHRISTIAN AND BUDDHISTIC SENTIMENTS. O. C. X,
4828. Republished in Bud. and lis Chris. Crit.

CHRISTIAN CRITICS OF BUDDHA. O, C. IX, 4475-4478,
4483-4485. Republished in Bud. and Its Chris. Cril.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. Mon. V, 274-281. A debate before
the Nineteenth Century Club of New York, with J. M. Thobum
and R. Gandhi.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN THIBET, FIRST. Illus-
trated. O. C. XII, 418-433- Comprising mainly quotations from
Hue and Gabet's Travels in Tarlary, Thibet and China.

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE AND THE REASON OF ITS
STRENGTH. Monist XVII. 200-208. The Christian Science
movement is the revival of a belief based upon certain experi-
ences and to some extent justified by the remarkable events that
have happened again and again under all zones and in all ages.
Such beliefs crop out spontaneously whenever they are needed,
and will disappear again when they have done their work. The
significance of self-discipline and the power of mind has been

io8 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

unduly neglected by educators, physicians and other guides and
advisers of mankind. To be sure, Christian Science has its very
weak pointSj but it would not exist had it not a mission to
fulfill.
CHRISTIAN SUNDAY, THE. O. C. XX, 360-2,66. A comment
on Dr. William Weber's article on the observance of Sunday.
It is pointed out that the week is a non-Christian institution,
and Sunday was celebrated as the day of Mithras. It is inter-
esting to learn that in some ancient calendars the Chinese still
call Sunday by the syllable Mih, which is an abbreviation of
Mithras.

CHRISTIANITY AS THE PLEROMA. O. C. XXIII, 177-188,
219-230, 263-279. An essay on the origin and significance of
Christianity published in book form under the same title.

CHRISTIANITY AS THE PLEROMA. Monist XIV, 120-151.
This article shows that the three essential doctrines of Chris-
tianity — (a) Immortality, (b) Vicarious Atonement, (c) God-
Incarnation — are pre-Christian. It is pointed out how Christian
the spirit is of such pagans as Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius An-
toninus, and even Julian the Apostate; and Seneca has seriously
been claimed to be a personal friend of St. Paul. St. Anselm's
reasoning in Cur deus homo is quite in line with pre-Christian
religion. Instances of pre-Christian views of vicarious atone-
ment are found among savages such as the Khond tribe of
India. It is not denied that the nucleus of the Gospels is his-
torical. The very passages which contain unfulfilled prophecies
as to the second advent of Christ prove that at least parts of
the Gospels are of a very early date.

CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM AND. .Mon. V, 65-103. See
s. V. "Buddhism."

CHRISTIANITY, CORNER-STONE OF. O. C. V, 2986-2987.
This is declared to be the spirit of Christ, which, however, is
rather to be found in the bold scientific search after truth than
in the blind belief of obsolete dogmas.

CHRISTIANITY, GNOSTICISM IN ITS RELATION TO.
Mon. VIII, 502-546. See s. v. "Gnosticism."

CHRISTIANITY? HOW FAR HAVE WE STRAYED FROM.
See s. V, Pro Dome.

CHRISTIANITY IN ITS RELATION TO BUDDHISM, ON
THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF. Mon. VIII, 273-288.
See s. V. "Buddhism."

CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. O. C. XX, 55. A short review
of an article in a Japanese paper on Christian missions in
Japan.

CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. HISTORY OF. 0. C. XVI, 6go-
693. Review of a German book on this subject by the Rev.
Hans Haas.

CHRISTIANITY, JEW AND GENTILE IN EARLY. Monist
XI, 267-276. See s. V. "Jew."

CHRISTIANITY, ORIGIN OF. O. C. XV, 235-241. RepuV
lished in The Age of Christ.

CHRISTIANITY, PAGAN ELEMENTS OF, AND THE SIG-
NIFICANCE OF JESUS. Monist XII, 416-425. See s. -v.
"Pagan."

CHRISTMAS. O. C. HI, 1991. Republished in HoniUUs of
Science.

CHRISTMAS GIFTS. 0. C. I, 669-670. Remarks on the Christ-
mas spirit and the right enjoyment of Christmas gifts,

CHRISTMAS SONG, A GERMAN. 0. C. XXII, 768. A new
Enghsh version of O Tannenbauin.

CHRISTMAS, YULE-TIDE AND. O. C. II, 1367.

CHURCH AND STATE IN FRANCE. O. C. XIX, 381.

CIRCLE-SQUARER. THE. O. C. VIII, 4121-4125, 4130-4133.
Republished in Twelve Tales.

CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC LITERATURE. Illustrated.
O. C. XIII, 363-373. Comments on Goethe's "Nature and Art,"
including a translation of the poem. The article deals with lit-
erary periods of "storm and stress" and the consequent reac-
tions, and is illustrated by portraits of representatives of both
periods in German literature, with special reference to their
connection with Goethe.

CLEAN MONEY. O. C. XXII, 125-126. An endorsement of the
work done by Gean Money Clubs to prevent the circulation of
filthy bills and contagion-carrying coins.

CLEARNESS, THE IMPORTANCE OF, AND THE CHARM
OF HAZINESS. O. C. 2933-2925. Clearness of thought, in
spite of its paramount importance, is not always welcome when
it destroys a long-cherished illusion which had appeared as
something wonderful. It then produces a great disappointnient
in our mind. The problem dissolves into nothing and we are
deprived of the awe that we felt while thinking ourselves in
the presence of some unfathomable mystery. This observation
has its application especially in the religious field.

CLERGY'S DUTY OF ALLEGIANCE TO DOGMA AND THE
STRUGGLE BETWEEN WORLD-CONCEPTIONS. Monist
II, 278-285. This article shows how religion depends on the
prevalent world -conception, and with a change in our world-
conception our religion becomes gradually modified. Such modi-
fications have taken place from time to time; when, for exam-
ple, the Copemican world -conception replaced the old idea of
the flatness of the earth, and at present when the idea of evolu-
tion renders our God-conception less childlike and more scien-
The article points out that a clergyman need not be

n his place and inter-
without either giving
■w or becoming hypo-

o. c. VI, 3292-3294-

O. C. II, 1458-

obliged to surrender his calling becau!
interpretation of religion, but may stay
pret the old in the light of the ne
offense to those who cling to the old

CLOCK OR THE WATCHES, THE. O.
Republished in Twelve Tales.

COGNITION, KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH.
1459. Republished in Fundamental Problems.

COGNITION, METAPHYSICAL "X" OF. Monist V. 510-S52.
See s. V. "Metaphysical."

COLUMBUS. CHRISTOPHER. O. C. VI, 3435-3437. A sketch
of his life from the Encyclopedia Britannica, showing that what
ever his views concerning saints and the magical powers of
ecclesiastical ceremonies, he was a man who had unbounded
trust in science. The famous painting "Columbus Ridiculed" is
reproduced as a frontispiece to the first number of Vol. XXL

COMPOSER IN THE PULPIT, A. Rev. O. H. P. Smith, O. C.
XII, 696^599.

CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL AND THE BELIEF IN
RESURRECTION AMONG THE EGYPTIANS, THE. Fully
illustrated. Monist XV, 40Q-428. Explaining the meaning of
khat, ba. kkaibil, ka, (of the double), khu, sekhem, and ren;
jtAat (the double body) ; 6a (consciousness) ; kkaiUt (the shade;
a kind of ghost) ; ka (the double) ; khu (the spirit) ; tekhem
(vitality) ; and ren (the name). Other terms such as maa-
kheru, the transfigured soul : pat-ela, the eternal house ; sahH,
the mummy, which means literally victorious or sainted ; the
aKkh, or handle cross ; the let, or backbone of Osiris ; the
feather of truth, and other symbols are briefly explained ; also
extracts made from the confessions of a dead person indicating
the moral influence of the Egyptian idea of immortality.

CONCILIATION OF RELIGION WITH SCIENCE. O. C VI,
3285-3286. A review of Lyman Abbott's Evolution of Chris-
tianity.

CONFUCIANISM AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP. Tllustraled.
O. C. XX, 598-615, Republished in Chinese Life and Customs.

CONFUCIUS ON MODERATION. O. C. XXII, 636-637. A
note explaining the frontispiece which illustrates the parable of
the three buckets from which the Chinese sage drew a sermon
on moderation.

CONGRESS OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, AMERICAN. O. C.
VIII, 4101-4102. An account of the rise of one of the move-
ments which were the fruits of the Parliament of Religions.

CONGRESSES OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AT ST. LOUIS.
Mon. XIV, 779-783. Brief criticism and report of these con-
gresses held 3t the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in igo4.

CONSCIENCE, THE GROWTH OF. O. C. IV, 2598-26oa Re-
published in The Ethical Problem.

CONSCIOUSNESS, A MONISTIC VIEW OF. Mon. XVIII.
30-45. In reply to Mr. W, E. Ayton Wilkinson's article on
"Will-Force," and Mr. Montague's "Are Mental Processes in
Space?" with regard to the part played by energy in psychic
phenomena. Mr. Montague is a representative of the Oatwald
theory of energetics.

CONSCIOUSNESS, PROBLEM OF. Monist XIII, 69-79. Com-
ments on Prof, Charles Sedgwick Minot's attacks on Monism.

112 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

CONSCIOUSNESS, SEAT OF. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2523-
2526. Republished in Soul of Man.

CONSERVATIVE RADICALISM. O. C. IX, 4728-4732. Reply
to Corvinus (pseud, of T. F. Mathias), who was a radical
critic of the position of The Open Court, and maintained that
it is in irreligion "that the hope of true morality lies." This
article is a continuation of the argument given in "Not Irre-
ligion but True Religion."

CONSOLATION OF ERRORS. O. C VII, 3891-3893. A reply
to the agnosticism of Mrs. Alice Bodington.

CONWAY, MONCURE D., A MILITANT MISSIONARY OF
LIBERALISM. O. C. XV, 374. A brief note of characteriza-
tion.

COREA. O. C. XVIII, 218-220. Outline of Corea's history with
explanation of the philosophical import of the national coat-of-
arms. Illustrated by picture of the emperor.

CORTEX AND ITS RELATIONS. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2326-
2328. Republished in Soul of Man and in the Psychology of
the Nervous System,

COXE, ECKLEY B., OBITUARY OF. O. C. IX, 4749-

CREED BUT FAITH, NO. O. C. Ill, i575-i577. Republished
in Fund, Prob,

CREED, THE REVISION OF A. O. C. Ill, 2075-2076. Repub-
lished in Horn, of Science,

CRISIS IN GREAT BRITAIN, THE. O. C. XV, 301-3".
Comments on the Boer War. The English are not blamed for
extending their influence in South Africa, but are criticised for
using wrong methods. They would have attained their end
better and more enduringly by peaceful methods.

CRISPI, FRANCESCO, AN OBITUARY. O. C. XV, 645-646.

CRITERION OF ETHICS, AN OBJECTIVE REALITY. Mon.
I* 552-571. See s. V. "Ethics."

CROSS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. Fully
Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 296-312.

CROSS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. Fully illustrated. O. C.
XIII, 149-163.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 113

CROSS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. Illustrated. O. C XIII,
224-246.

CROSS OF GOLGOTHA. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 472-484.

CROSS OF JESUS, SHAPE OF THE. O. C. XVI, 247-249.

CROSS, PLATO AND THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 364-

CROSS, REV. W. W. SEYMOUR ON THE PRE-HISTORIC
Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 745-751.

CROSS, THE WHEEL AND THK Illustrated. O. C. XVI,
478-485.

CROSS, THE. See also Alpha and Omega, Chrisma and the
Labarum, Crucifix, The, Staurolatry, Evolution of Ornament,
Fylfot and Swastika, Image-Worship, Seal of Christ, Seven the
Sacred Number, Signets, Badges and Medals, Anubis, Seth, and
Christ.

CROWN OF THORNS. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 193-217. Re-
produced in book form under the same title.

CRUCIFIX, THE. Illustrated. O. C XIII, 673-690.

CRUCIFIXION OF DOGS IN ANCIENT ROME. 0. C. XVI,
249-250. A brief note in which this strange custom is explained
as the substitution of an animal sacrifice for a human sacrifice
to the sun-god.

CUBA AS AN ALLIED REPUBLIC OF THE UNITED
STATES. O; C. XII, 690-693. See s, v, "Expansion but Not
Imperialism."

CUSTOM HOUSE, OUR. O. C. XVI, 141-145. A protest and
an incident from personal experience.

DARWIN AND LINCOLN CENTENNIAL. O. C. XXIII, 124.
Brief note accompanied by a rare portrait of Darwin in the
prime of life.

DE RERUM NATURA. Mon. App. to Vol. V, No. 2. Philo-
sophical poem republished in booklet form.

DEATH A FINALITY, IS? Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2185-2189.
Republished in Soul of Man.

DEATH AND IMMORTALITY IN ANCIENT EGYPT, THE

114

PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

CONCEPTIONS OF. Illustrated. O. C, IX, 4666-4670. Re-
published in Hisl. of the Devil.

DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Illustrated. Open Courl
XIII, 495-503. This article contains reproductions of the cup
o£ Boscoreale, the Thibetan skeleton -dance, and a Gnostic stone
representing King Death as a skeleton, and points out that the
Christian conception of death represented as a resurrection l^
Prudent ius has changed of late into the more spiritual hope of
the immortality of the soul.

DEATH AND THE DEAD, THE SKELETON AS A REPRE-
SENTATION OF. Illustrated. O, C. XXII, 620-633- Writ-
ten in refutation of Laufer's theory that the origin of our
dances of death must be sought in Thibetan Buddhism. The
Thibetan skeletons are reproduced and shown to be difTerent in
meaning from the skeletons of the European middle ages. The
Thibetan skeleton dance is described and representations of
Vama, the god of death, reproduced. The skeletons of the cup
of Boscoreale are not representatives of death hut of the dead,
and also the Japanese ghost, which is not in skeleton form.
There is no skeleton among Mara's army in the has relief of
Buddha's temptation, and the Japanese ghosts are not skeletons
but horrible- looking half-decayed figures without feet.

DEATH, CHRISTIAN CONCEPTION OF. Illustrated. O. C.
XI, ?S2-763, The early Christians believed in bodily resurrec-
tion, but their art in the catacombs can be traced back to pagan
prototypes. On some sarcophagi, pagan and Christian symbols
are mixed. This is a supplement to "Death in Religious Art,"
and supplies many additional illustrations on the subject.

DEATH, CONQUEST OF. O, C. Ill, 1967-1968. Republished
in Homilies of Science.

DEATH, DANCES OF. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 40-53. This
article contains reproductions of woodcuts of the tifteenlh
century of the pictures of Bazil, Massraann, Holbein, Abraham
a Sancta-Ciara, etc,

DEATH IN RELIGIOUS ART. Illustrated. 0. C. XI, 678-
68s; XII, 752-763. The Greek conception of death is a genius
with the down-turned torch. Hades is the place of torture and
we have many illustrations of these scenes. The skeleton as
representative of death appears in Christianity. The subject of

demons and of hcl! is fretjuetitly represented in Christian art
in cathedrals and in cemeteries.

DEATH IS SILENT. BUT UFE SPEAKS. O. C. IX. A
discussion of the subject of immortality based on a considera-
tion of the nature of sou! as form.

DEATH. LOVE, IMMORTALITY. O. C. II. 1324-1325, Re-
published in Homilies of Science.

DEATH, MODERN REPRESENTATIONS OF. Illustrated.
O. C. XII, loi-iog. In modern times artists have given up the
idea of representing death in the shape of a horrible figure.
As an instance, the monument of Daniel C. French, and a
German one dedicated to Emperor William, show death in a
serious but not offensive form. M. Bartholome represents
death as a house door in his famous "Monument aux morts."

DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICAN INDIANS. Illustrated.
O. C. XV, 758-760. The drawings on bark which relate a
deluge legend of the Algonquins are reproduced, accompanied
bjr an English version of the Indians' interpretation of the
pictures.

DEMONOLOGY. THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT GREECE
UPON CHRISTIAN. O. C. X, 4867-4868. Republished in
Hist, of the Devil.

DEMONOLOGY, NORTHERN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
CHRISTIAN. O. C. X, 4873-4877. Republished in Hist, of
the Devil.

DEMONOLOGY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. O. C.
X, 4988-499a Republished in Hist, of the Devil.

DESIGN IN NATURE. O. C. IV, 2619-2&1. Republished in
Homilies of Science.

DESTRUCTIVE OR CONSTRUCTIVE? O. C. HI, 2107-2108.
In answer to the criticisms of illiberal liberals, Mr. H. L.
Green and the editor of FreeShoughl.

DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL. 0. C. II, 887-888. Re-
published in Fund. Prob.

DEVII^CONCEPTION IN PROTESTANT COUNTRIES.
O, C. X, 4930-4932. Republished in Hisl. of the Devil

ii6 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

DEVIL, REALITY OF THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIX, 717-736.
Contains a number of pictures and material supplementary to
the Hist of the Devil. Marlowe's conception is contrasted
with the present-day humorous view of devil-lore, as illustrated
by Tartini's dream. Additional illustrations of devils from
many dates and climes are given and incidents are related
which show how great the influence of the power of evil, per-
sonified as the devil, has been in all ages.

DEVIL STORIES AND DEVIL CONTRACTS. O. C. X, 4961-
4g&6. Republished in Hist, of the Devil,

DHARMAPALA'S MISSION. O. C. X, 5071. Contains a letter
from the Anagarika Dharmapala announcing his mission to
the United States.

DHARMAPALA'S SCHOOL IN CEYLON. Illustrated. O. C.
XX, 760-761. A short description of a school of traditional
Buddhism in Ceylon.

DILETTANTISM IN LITERATURE. O. C. Ill, 1708-1709.
The dangers to the reading public from professional litterateurs
who cater to popular taste from mercenary motives, and, on
the other hand, from the ignorance of dilettanti; what is
most desirable is a combination of the virtues of both classes.

DISCOVERIES, NEW; HOW THEY AFFECT THE WORLD.
O. C. X, 4821. Brief note on the various forms of recognition
awarded R6ntgen*s rays on their first appearance before the
scientific press.

DISEASE, LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF AN OLD. O. C.
VIII, 4163-4165. The strike of the American Railway Union
in 1894 was new only in its peculiar combinations, but the case
was as old as society, and the first great satire written upon
it was "The Birds" of Aristophanes.

DOGMATISM, A REVIEWER'S VIEW OF. O. C. IV, 2371.
Republished in Fund. Prob.

DOLLS' FESTIVAL, THE. O. C. XXI, 188. Note on the
frontispiece, which is a picture of a party of Japanese children
on the annual festival of dolls, celebrated March 3. An English
version of a Japanese poem on the subject is appended.

DOUBLE EAGLE, THE ANQENT SYMBOL OF THE. With
illustration. O. C. XXIII, 57-58. Instance of a double eagle

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 117

discovered on a German expedition into central Asia. A fur-
ther illustration pertaining to the article, "The Persistence of
Symbols."

DOUBLE PERSONALITY AND DOUBLE SOUL. O. C. Ill,
1948-1951. Republished in the Soul of Man.

DOUBLE PERSONALITY, PROBLEM OF. O. C. II, 1178-
1179. Republished in Soul of Man.

DREAMS AND HALLUCINATIONS. O. C. Ill, 2024-2026.
Republished in Soul of Man.

DROSS IS DISCARDED, BUT NOTHING IS LOST. O. C.
VI, 3244. An Allegory republished in Twelve Tales.

DUALISM, COMMENTS ON MINOTS. Mon. XII, 69-79-
See s. V. "Consciousness, the Problem of."

DUNNING DEVIL OF CHINA AND JAPAN. One illustra-
tion. O. C. XII, iio-iii. The picture, which is a reproduc-
tion of a wood carving in the author's possession, is given a
mistaken interpretation in this article. It is republished in
The History of the Devil and there correctly explained as the
devil, in guise of a monk, being a demon representing greed
and hypocrisy.

EASTER, THE FESTIVAL OF LIFE VICTORIOUS. Illus-
trated. O. C XVI, 193-199. This article contains a transla-
tion of Gerok's "Meditation on Death in a Cemetery,*' and
shows how the Easter festival of the ancient pagans was
changed to a commemoration of the risen Christ in Chris-
tianity.

EGO AS IDENTITY OF SELF. O. C. VII, 3900-3901. In
comment on Mr. Thomas Williams's article, "Is Reincarnation
a Natural Law?"

EGOLESS MAN, AN. O. C. IX, 4657-466a An account of a
pathological loss of conscious recollection, followed by a dis-
cussion of a common error of psychologists by which the soul
is identified with the ego.

EGYPT, CONCEPTIONS OF DEATH AND IMMORTALITY
IN ANCIENT. Illustrated. O. C. IX, 4666-4670. See s. v.
"Death."

ii8 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

EGYPTIANS, CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL AND THE
BELIEF IN RESURRECTION AMONG THE. Illustrated
Mon. XV, 409-428. See s. v. "Conception."

EIGHT-HOUR DAY, THE SUNSET CLUB ON THE. O. C.
VI, 31 15-31 16. Report of a Debate in a Chicago club. Wm.
M. Salter, Murry Nelson, Franklin MacVeagh, Geo. A. Schil-
ling, Qarence Darrow, Frederick Greeley and Frank H. Scott
are quoted. This report is followed by comments on the
debate by Gen. M. M. Trumbull.

ELECTION, THE. O. C. X, 51 18. A brief note, written
immediately after the election of McKinley to the presidency.

ELECTRICITY AND PHOSPHORESCENCE IN THE ANI-
MAL WORLD. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 540-550.

EMPEROR'S ORTHODOXY, THE. O. C. XVII, 146-150.
Republished in Delitzsch's Babel and Bible.

EROS ON THE SHIP OF LIFE Illustrated. O. C. XXI,
245-248. A monument in Genoa representing the modem idea
of immanent immortality and the Greek myth in which Eros
descends to Hades and returns again. Pictures of analogous
legends and of Christ's resurrection illustrate this short article.

ESCHATOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN ART. Illustrated. O. C.
XI, 401-412. The Christian doctrine of eschatology was more
prominent among early Christians than it is now. It may be
regarded as a proof of the genuineness of St. Paul's Epistles
that he confidently predicts the near approach of doomsday,
and believes that he and his congregation will live to see it.
These views formed an important chapter in the Apocrypha
of the Old Testament, but at present these visions have grown
very pale and are no longer deemed essential doctrines of the
church, at least among Protestants.

ESPERANTO. Mon. XVI, 450-455. An account of the nature
of the language, its endings and prefixes and general construc-
tion.

ESPERANTO, ILO AND MALAY. Mon. XIX, 430-432. This
short discussion repeats the editorial position, that it would
be as easy to construct an ideal plant as to produce an ideal
language; that though theoretically each may be possible, prac-
tically the idea is Utopian. In order to give both sides of the

^ m

Esperanto-IIo differences, the author quotes a German Esper-
antist; the reform side is represented elsewhere in the same
number. He also reports the suggestion of a Dutch gentleman,
born and raised in Holland, that the Malay language possesses
many characteristics necessary for an ideal universal language.

ESSENCE OF THE DOCTRINE (with Music). O. C. XIX,
1S2-J83, Republished without music in The Dharma.

ETERNITY, A HYMN WITH MUSIC. O. C. XH. 243, Re-
published in Sacred Tunes.

ETHICAL PROBLEM, THE. Discussion with Mr. Salter.
O. C. IV, 2549-2550, 2564-2567, 2624-2626. Republished in The
Ethical Problem.

ETHICAL SOCIETIES AND THEIR VIEWS OF ETHICS.
O. C. VI, 314S-3147. In answer to Horace L. Traubel's criti-
cism of former discussions of the author on the deficiencies
of Ethical Societies, as they exist.

ETHICS A LAW OF NATURE. O. C. IV, 2440-2441. Repub-
lished in Fund. Prob,

ETHICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE. 0. C. Ill, 1563-1566.
Republished in Fund, Prob,

ETHICS AND THE COSMIC ORDER. Mon. IV, 403-416.
Criticism of Professor Huxley's position in his lecture, Esjo-
lution and Ethics.

ETHICS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. O. C. IV, ZI37-
2138. Republished in Homilies of Science.

ETHICS, BASIS OF, AND THE ETHICAL MOVEMENT.
O. C 2247-2248. Republished in The Ethical Problem.

ETHICS, BASIS OF, AND THE LEADING PRINCIPLES
IN. O. C. IV, 2574-2577. Republished in The Ethical Problem.

ETHICS, CRITERION OF. AN OBJECTIVE REALITY.
Mon. I, 552-571. Republished in The Ethical Problem.

ETHICS IN OUR PUBUC SCHOOLS. O. C. V, 2816-2817.
Summary of a symposium on the advisability of introducing
ethical instruction into our public schools. This showed such
diversity of opinion that it seemed to prove conclusively that
ethics cannot be taught publicly without coming in conflict with

I20 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

some religious views. The question as to the proper medium
for ethical instruction will be decided on the principle of the
survival of the fittest

ETHICS OF EVOLUTION. O. C. V, 3004-3005. Republished
in Homilies of Swnce.

ETHICS OF EVOLUTIONISM. O. C. VII, 3886. The theory
of evolution is not compatible with hedonism, for the ethics
of evolutionism must be based upon the fact that the fittest
will survive in the struggle for existence, and in the long run
the fittest are always the most moral.

ETHICS OF KANT, MR. SPENCER ON. O. C. II, 1155-
1160, 1165-1169; Mon., II, 512-526. See s. v, "Spencer."

ETHICS OF STRUGGLE AND ETHICAL CULTURE. O. C.
V, 3059-3061. Controversies of science and philosophy are
compared to the ethics of war.

ETHICS OF THE NEW POSITIVISM. O. C. IV, 2414-2415.
In reply to Clemence Royer. Republished in Fund. Prob.

ETHICS POSSIBLE, IS? O. C. XI, 295-308. In reply to
<Mr. Antonio Llano.

ETHICS, SCIENCE AND. O. C. (No. 167) IV, 2590-2592. See
s, V. "Science."

ETHOS ANTHROPOI DAIMON. O. C. I, 695. A short ex-
planation of the Greek motto, which has often been used on
the title page of Open Court catalogues. A further history of
the sentence, ascribing its authority to Heraclitus, is given in
O. C. XX, 42.

EVENTS OF TO-DAY. O. C. X, 4804-4806. Editorial notes
on Lord Salisbury's Turkish policy and on the unfair indict-
ment of two mayors of Illinois towns.

EVIL IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY, THE IDEA OF. O. C.
IX, 471 7-47 18. Republished in Hist, of the Devil.

EVOLUTION AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. I, 7^7^\ V,
3044-3045. The first of these articles is an extended review of
Mr. C. T. Stockweirs pamphlet. The Evolution of Immortality;
the second is a brief note bringing out the beauty of the idea
of immortality contained in evolutionism. "The soul can be
made immortal and it is our highest religious duty to shape

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 121

our lives with a constant outlook upon that which lies beyond
the grave. The work to be done for immortality is the prob-
lem, the aim, the basis of ethics."

EVOLUTION, CONTINUITY OF. Mon. II, 70-94. The science
of language versus the science of life, as represented by Max
Miiller and Romanes.

EVOLUTION, DOES UTILITY EXPLAIN? O. C. VI, 3314-
3315. In comment on articles by Professor George Mivart on
the subject of evolution and Christianity.

EVOLUTION OF ORNAMENT. Illustrated. O. C. XVII,
291-296. The cross is now worn as an ornament, which is
the third stage in a process of evolution, of which the first
stage is the use of the cross as a charm or amulet, and the
second as a symbol of more or less mystical significance.

EXPANSION, AMERICANISM AND. O. C. XIII, 215-223.
See s. V, Americanism.

EXPANSION, BUT NOT IMPERIALISM. O. C. XIV, 87-94.
Remarks made at a debate before the Sunset Club of Chicago.
A resume of the Open Court's position on territorial expan-
sion. Other articles relating to our relations with Cuba and
the Philippines are the following: "Cuba as an Allied Republic
of the United States," "Americanism and Expansion," "The
Filipino Question," "The Philippine Imbroglio," "Friends or
Slaves," "Annexation and International Stealing," "Cuba as
an Allied Republic," "How to Govern the Philippines."

EXPERIENCE. O. C. VII, 3602-3604. Republished in Primer
of Philosophy.

FABLE. THE MIGRATION OF A. O. C. XI, 504-506. A
fable from an old German print of 1483, which is in all essen-
tials the same as the Chinese story, "The Man in the Well,"
a Sanskrit tale, imported into China about the eighth century.

FAIRY TALE ELEMENT IN THE BIBLE. Illustrated. Mon.
XI, 405-447. Fairy tales are not numerous in the Bible. There
is only the fable told in Judges ix, 8-15, and yet the fairy talc
element is not entirely absent. The myths of Egypt and Chal-
dea have been toned down into rational and credible stories.

122 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

This article traces a number of incidents in the Old Testament
to their Babylonian and Egyptian sources. It contains trans-
lations of the Babylonian creation story, recorded by Berosus,
in the seven cuneiform tablets of the Marduk myth (the trans-
lation is given almost in full, mainly following Zimmern),
Yahveh's fight with the dragon, as mentioned in Ezekiel, Job
and the Psalms (mainly based on Gunkel). The two Hebrew
creation stories are contrasted, and the work of the Hebrew
redactor is appreciated as supplying the world-conception preva-
lent for a thousand years. The second installment treats of
the following subjects: The Babylonian legend of the deluge
(quotations again mainly after Zimmern) ; deluge legends of
classical antiquity; the pillar of salt called Lot's Wife; the
story of the wise judge (Solomon) paralleled in India, Egypt
and on a Pompeian fresco; the story of Joseph in an Eg)rptian
fairy tale (original quoted in Petrie's translation). It is the
story of Bata, i. e., Vatu, or in Greek *Atis. Potiphar's wife
still reflects the old institution of matriarchy. The conclusion
is devoted to the mention of the Queen of Heaven by Jeremiah
and the lamentations for Tammuz by Ezekiel. The Song of
the Well, mentioned in Numbers as a quotation from the Book
of the Wars of Yahveh, is an interesting piece of folk-poetry,
preserved by chance in the Old Testament. The romance of
Mordecai is nothing less than a Hebrew version of the story
of the saviour, Bel M'erodach, and Esther is the Groddess Istar.

FAIRY TALES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE. O. C. IV,
2537-2538. Republished in Homilies of Science.

FAIRY TALES, RELIGION IN. O. C. XIII, 184-185. See
s. V. "Religion, etc."

FAITH AND DOUBT. O. C. V, 2822-2823. Republished in
Homilies of Science,

FAITH AND REASON. O. C VI, 3225-3228. A review of
Fechner's Method of conciliating religion with science. Re-
published in Ethical Problem.

FATHERLAND, THE. O. C. XHI, 577-579- A few remarks
on the significance of Germany for civilization, written as an
introduction to a special number, made up wholly of articles
on Germany.

2424-2426, Z43S-243?-

FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR. A Review of his Method
of Conciliating Religion with Science. See s. v. "Faith and
Reason,"

FECHNER'S VIEW OF LIFE AFTER DEATH. Mon. XVI,
84-gS. The author agrees with Fechner's beliefs in the reality,
the significance, the all-importance of man's life after death,
but regards his description of the part consciousness plays as
misleading. Doubtless a man's personality rem am s centered
around his name and continues to constitute a unit of its own,
but it is purely spiritual, not physical nor physiological. There
is not the slightest warrant in ascertainable facts for Fechner's
assumption, that after death, man's being is endowed with the
functions of the entire nervous system, including sense-organs
and brain.

FEELING AND MOTION. O.
Republished in Soul of Matt.

FEELING AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS. 0. C. IV,
2506-2509. Republished in Soul of Man.

FEELING THE MONISTIC DEFINITION OF THE TERM.
O. C. V, 2909-2gii. After discussing the views of Spencer,
Fiske and many others, the monistic definition is given as
"the state of awareness only, which accompanies certain physio-
logical activities, and not these activities themselves,"

FEELINGS AND THE ELEMENTS OF FEELING. Mon. I,
401-420; III, 298-299. Republished in Fund. Prob.

FILIAL PIETY IN CHINA. O. C. XVI, 754-764. Republished
in Chinese Thought.

FILIPINO QUESTION, O, C. XIII, 375-376. See also s. v.
"Expansion, but not Imperialism."

FIRST STEPS. O, C, XX, 49S-499. Republished in Our Chil-
dren.

FLAG. UNFURL THE. O. C. XII, 439-44'. A new patriotic
hymn, with a final stanza on the Anglo-American alliance.
This has been set to music by C, Crozat Converse and Oliver
H. P. Smith and republished in sheet and octavo form.

FOOD OF LIFE AND THE SACRAMENT. Illustrated, Mon.
X, 246-279, 343-382. Euchaiists and ceremonial eating exist

124 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

among almost all nations of the world. The present article
contains a synopsis of these ceremonies and traces them among
Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Thibetans, and the
Mithraists, the worshipers of Bacchus, Dionysus, and of Christ.
The Christian ceremony has apparently been introduced by
Paul. The passages in the Gospels are later insertions, as
proved by New Testament scholars.

FORCE AND CAUSATION. O. C III, 1505-1506. Editorial
comment on Mr. John B. Wood's essay.

FORM* AND FORMAL THOUGHT. O. C. II, 1310-1313, 1336-
1339, 1349-1351, 1369-1372. Republished in Fund. Proh,

FORMAL, THE. O. C. VII, 3679-3682. Republished in Primer
of Phil

FORMAL THOUGHT AND ETHICS. O. C. Ill, 1613-1616.
Republished in Fund, Prob.

FRANKLIN SQUARES AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL
DIVERSIONS, THE. Mon. XVI, 605-625. Republished in
Andrews's Magic Squares and Cubes.

FREEDOM OF WILL AND RESPONSIBILITY. O. C III,
2095-2097. Republished in the S(>ul of Man.

FREETHOUGHT, THE HEROES OF. O. C. II, 822-823.
Republished in Horn, of Sci.

FREETHOUGHT, ITS TRUTH AND ITS ERROR. O. C.
V, 2902-2903. Republished in Homilies of Science.

FREE-WILL AND COMPULSION. O. C. IV, 2332. Brief
note in reply to a letter from Mr. T. G. Conant.

FRIAR, THE. A Song. O. C. XIV, 305-312. Music by
O. H. P. Smith.

FRIENDS OR SLAVES. O. C. XVI, 146-148. An appeal to
Congress in which self-government for the Philippines is ad-
vocated. See also s. v. "Expansion, but not Imperialism."

FULFIL, NOT TO DESTROY, TO. O. C. IV, 2235-2236.
Republished in Homilies of Science.

FYLFOT AND SWASTIKA. Illustrated. O. C. XVI, 153-
162, 356-366. Showing how evidences of prehistoric use of this
emblem are scattered in widely separated portions of the globe.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 125

The illustrations reproduce relics and monuments which bear
the swastika as decoration. The original meaning of the figure
is thought to be the same as the disk, a solar symbol.

GALILEI, GALILEO. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 1-13. A sketch
of his life, including translations of the verdict pronounced
upon him by the Holy Office, and his abjuration.

GEMS OF BUDDHIST POETRY. O. C. XX, 156-167. See
s. V. "Buddhist Poetry, Gems of."

GENIUS, PLAYFUL INSTRUCTION AND. O. C. XIII, 566-
570. Republished in Our Children.

GEOMETRY, FOUNDATIONS OF. Mon. XIII, 370-397, 493-
522. Republished in Foundations of Mathematics,

GERMAN IN AMERICA, THE. O. C. XIII, 626-636. A pro-
test against Mtinsterberg*s statement that German- Americans
are responsible for lack of sympathy between the two coun-
tries. America is entirely cognizant and appreciative of Ger-
man science and character. Its assimilation of diverse na-
tionalities into one people is destined to so merge its
patriotism into cosmopolitanism as to cause it to advance
beyond Old World nations. Though regarded as restless and
fond of innovations, the character of the American nation
is a conservatism unknown in Europe; e. g., its flag is one
of the oldest in the world. See also "International Friendship"
and "International Good-Will."

GERMAN MONISTIC ALLIANCE, THE. O. C. XXII, 188.
Review of one of their leaflets, written by Dr. Heinrich Schmidt.

GERMAN UNIVERSITIES AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Mon. IV, 106-120. The appointment and advancement of a
professor of a German university does not depend upon his
ability to teach, but almost exclusively upon his accomplish-
ments in the field of research. German universities are in-
stitutions devoted to the search for truth, and the scientist,
the philosopher, the searchers for truth serve at the same
time as instructors of the German youth. Their exhibit at the
Columbian Exposition of 1893 was well planned and arranged,
and we have here a brief review of this unique display of
the ways, the means, and the summarized results of German
science.

126 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

GERMANY, THE FATHERLAND. See s,v, "Fatherland, The,"

GHOST OF A LIVING PERSON, THE. O. C. XXIII, 231-
232. Reporting an incident in which the ghost of the Rev.
W. H. Withrow was made to appear in a mediumistic seance
in Australia while Mr. Withrow himself was carrying on an
active life in Canada.

GHOSTS. O. C. V, 2811-2812. A review of Ibsen's drama. Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

GHOSTS AND THE BELIEF IN GHOSTS. O. C. VI, 3106-
3109. In comment on the revival of spiritualistic beliefs and
in reply to Mr. W. T. Stead and Mrs. Besant; also on a
book of Mr. Gerhard, a Swedenborgian. Kant's Relation to
Swedenborg is mentioned, and the statement as to the practical
usefulness of clairvoyance is investigated and found wanting.

GILGAMESH AND EABANI; THE TRUSTS AND THE
UNIONS. O. C. XVIII, 291-292. The trusts and unions are
likened to Gilgamesh and Eabani in the old Babylonian epic.
We are told that a monster was created to overpower a tyrant,
until finally both became friends, and then the world had no
defender.

GISSAC, R DE, OBITUARY. O. C. X, 5125.

GNOSTICISM IN ITS RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY.
Mon. VIII, 502-546. It is maintained and satisfactorily proved
in this article that gnosticism precedes Christianity. It is here
characterized as a period of storm and stress preparatory to
Christianity. The fact is recognized by our best Church his-
torians that gnostics existed before Christianity and were after-
ward regarded as Christian heretics only when a catholic
faith had been established. The trinity idea is mentioned in
connection with Simon Magus before it becomes a Christian
dogma. The Kabala was influenced by gnosticism, and the
Essenes, as well as the Therapeutes of Egypt, are unequiv-
ocally pre-Christian. The book of Daniel and the books of
Esdras show innumerable influences of the gnostic spirit, and
the Apostle Paul presupposes gnostic terms as well known.
The Zabians or Baptizers had spread throughout the Jewish
dispersion, and Paul was especially well received among them.
The similarity of the Lord's Sacrament with the Mithraistic
ceremony of the same kind is alluded to and the idea is

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 127

proposed that the word tnissa or mass is derived from myazda,
which is the food of the Mithraistic sacrament. Apollonius
of Tyana studied philosophy at Tarsus, and we may assume
that he cherished many ideas similar to those of St. Paul
the apostle, who was born in the same city and owed his
Roman citizenship to the honor which the Roman Senate
wanted to bestow upon this pagan savior. Gnosticism is older
than Christianity, which is really a gnostic sect, and it is
maintained that it survived its rivals because it was superior
to them.

GOBINEAU, COUNT. With portrait. O. C. XV, 440-442. An
account of the life and work of a French anthropologist, who
has become an object of enthusiasm in German circles.

GOD. O. C. IV, 2305-2306. Republished in Homilies of Science,

GOD. A DISCUSSION. Mon. IX, 106-130. Republished in God.

GOD A MIND, IS? O. C. V, 2978-2980. Republished in Homi-
lies of Science.

GOD AND IMMORTALITY, PROFESSOR HAECKEUS
MONISM AND THE IDEAS OF. O. C. V, 2957-2958. A
letter explaining the position of The Open Court on the sub-
jects of God and immortality, and a reply from Professor
Haeckel expressing agreement in essential points.

GOD, CONCEPTIONS OF. O. C. V, 2771-277^- Republished
in Homilies of Science.

GOD, FREEDOM AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. Ill, 1625-
i62iS. Republished in Homilies of Science,

"GOD IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION,*' REMARKS ON
CANON LOW'S. Mon. VIII, 610-615. See s. v. "Low."

GOD, MR. SEWALL ON THE PERSONALITY OF. O. C.
XXI, 506-510. In comment on his book, Reason in Belief.

GOD OF ATHEISM AND THE IMMORTALITY THAT
OBTAINS IN THE NEGATION OF THE EGO-ENTITY.
O. C VIII, 4226-4229. A resume of conceptions of God and
immortality which accord with evolution and the religion of
science, written in answer to criticisms by Dr. Lewins, Pro-
fessor Cook, Mr. Thurtell and Mr. Reeves. The conception
of the super-personal God is especially dwelt upon.

128 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

GOD OF IRON, THE. O. C. XII, 188-190. A hymn suggested
by a patriotic song of Arndt, written to arouse the Germans
against their French enemies, but in this case the narrowness of
nationalism yields to the broader spirit of international fellow-
ship and religion.

GOD OF SCIENCE, THE. Mon. XIV, 458-469. In reply to
the Rev. H. C. Minton's reviews of Fundamental Problems and
Surd of Metaphysics.

GOD, PERSONALITY OF. O. C. XI, 618-635. Correspondence
with Pere Hyacinthe Loyson. Republished in God,

GOD, PERSONALITY OF. Mon. IX, 300-305. See s, v, "Per-
sonality."

GOD, RESPONSIBILITY OF. O. C. X, 4803-4804.. Comments
on a sermon by the Rev. Geo. T. Smith, who, while recogniz-
ing to some extent the identity of nature's God and nature's
laws, looks upon God as a person — therefore responsible. The
argument is given against the personality of God, that Bud-
dhism, the greatest non-Christian religion, distinguished for the
noblest moral maxims, yet knows nothing of the existence of
a personal God.

GOD, THE SUPERPERSONAL O. C. XXI, 765-766. Brief
comment on a communication from Pere Hyacinthe. Repub-
lished in God,

GOD, UNMATERIALITY OF SOUL AND. Mon. VIII, 415-
445. See s, V. "Soul."

GODWARD. O. C. XII, 128. A hymn with music. Repub-
lished in Sacred Tunes.

GOEHTE, A BUDDHIST. O. C. X, 4832-4837. Republished in
Buddhism and Its Christian Critics,

GOETHE AND CRITICISM. O. C. XXI, 301-305.
GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XENIONS. O. C. I, 318, 320;

yni, 3939-3940, 3948-3949, 3955-3957, 3965-3966. Republished

in book form under same title.

GOETHE MUSEUM IN WEIMAR. O. C. XXH, 126-128.
An account of the establishment of Goethe's Weimar residence
as a National Museum, accompanied by a picture of Eberlein's

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 129

famous sculpture representing Goethe contemplating Schiller's
skull, to which he addressed a poem.

GOETHE, SOME EPIGRAMS OF. Illustrated. O, C. XXIII,
438-443. An English translation of about twenty miscellaneous
verses, accompanied by the German original. Three of them
are illustrated.

GOETHE, TWO PHILOSOPHICAL POEMS OF. O. C. XVI,
694-696. Translation of and comments on "One and All," and
"Bequest."

GOETHE'S CONFESSION OF FAITH. O. C. XXI, 472-480.

GOETHE'S FAUST, SIGNIFICANCE OF. Illustrated. O. C.
XXII, 147-172.

GOETHE'S MONISM. O. C. II, 782. Republished in Funda-
mental Problems.

GOETHE'S NATURE PHILOSOPHY. O. C XXI, 227-237.

GOETHE'S POLYTHEISM AND CHRISTIANITY. O. C.

XXI, 435-443.

GOETHE'S SOUL CONCEPTION. O. C. XXI, 745-751.

GOETHE'S VIEW OF IMMORTALITY. O. C. XX, 367-372.
Above articles to be republished in book form.

GOETHE'S VIEWS ON TELEPATHY. O. C. XXIII, 174-176.

GOOD AND EVIL AS RELIGIOUS IDEAS. O. C. VIII, 4642-
4644. Republished in History of the Devil

GOOD AND EVIL, THE PROBLEM OF. Men. VI, 580-599.
Republished in History of the Devil.

GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, A JAPANESE TRANSLATION OF.
O. C. IX, 4404-4405. Contains an English translation of the
Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku's preface to the Japanese translation.

GOSPEL, THE FOURTH. O. C. XXI, 269-271. With special
reference to Dr. Moxom's article, "Jesus's View of Himself
in the Fourth Gospel."

GOSPELS, THE SOURCE OF. O. C. II, 1079-1080. Professor
Seydel of Leipsic advanced the theory that the Christian gos-
pels were borrowed from the Buddhist sacred literature. This
article quotes at some length the passage in which he defends
his position.

I30 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

GRASSHOPPER, THE. O. C VII, 3663-3664. Republished in
Twelve Tales.

GREEK IDEA OF SALVATION. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 675-
689. Republished in History of the Devil

GREEK MYSTERIES, A PREPARATION FOR CHRISTI-
ANITY, THE. Mon. XI, 87-123. Illustrated. Christianity owes
a number of important terms to Greek mysteries, especially
the very word "mystery" itself, and in addition such words as
Parousia, L e., the act of becoming bodily present, ecstasy,
teleiosis, or completion, etc. The Orphic songs foreshadow the
Christian idea of the immortality of the soul, and Christ is
represented as Orpheus in the catacombs. The main idea of
the Orpheus ceremonials is his death and resurrection. The
significance of the wine in the sacrament has also its pagan
correlate in the cult of Dionysus, who was bom in a cave,
tortured, slain, and rises to life again. He enters the city
riding on an ass. But while the mysteries were communicated
to a few initiates, the doctrine of Christianity was preached
from the housetops.

GREEK RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY. Richly illustrated.
O. C XIV, 513-538, 577-606, 641-658, 7057733- Vol. XV, 1-22.
A sketch of Greek religion which was written with the special
purpose of showing how far the religion of ancient Greece
was preparatory to Christianity. The last article contains
numerous quotations which prove that the Christian idea "love
your enemies" was plainly anticipated by a great many sages
of ancient Greece.

GREEK SCULPTURE THE MOTHER OF BUDDHIST ART.
Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 306-315. Comparing remains of
Gandhara sculpture with classical Greek art.

GREEKS, THE. See also "Acropolis, The." "Demonology, The
Influence of Ancient Greece Upon Christian."

GRIEF AT UNBELIEF. O. C. VII, 3579-358a Unbelief, doubt,
the spirit of keen criticism, should not cause grief in anybody's
soul. Let him who doubts search for the truth, and he will
find that it quickens and comforts.

I

GUNKEL VERSUS DELITZSCH. O. C XVIII, 226-241. An
account of Professor Gunkel's true position with regard to the
Babet and Bible discussion compared to the position ascribed
to him by an uninformed anonymous translator.

GUNNING, PROF. WM. D., MEMORIAL SERVICE TO.
O. C. 11, 1278.

HAECKEL AS AN ARTIST. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 428-433-
A review of Kunstformctt dcr Nalur and WanderbUder.

HAECKE^-LOOF CONTROVERSY, THE. Mon. XIII, 24-37-
Republished in Cod.

HAECKEL'S ANTHROPOGENY, PROFESSOR. O. C, VI,
3125-3126. A brief note on Haeckel's monism on the appear-
ance of the 4th edition of his Anlhropogeny.

HAECKEL'S CONFESSION OF FAITH. O. C. VII, 3528-3529.
Professor Haeckel believes that monism is the bond of union
between religion and science, and is in sympathy, in spite of
minor differences, with the efforts of The Open Court toward
their amalgamatioa.

HAECKEL'S MONISM. Mon- H, 59S-600. The conclusion is
drawn that the main differences between Haeckel's monism
and that of The MiOnist are differences of terminology.

HAECKEL'S MONISM AND THE IDEAS OF GOD AND
IMMORTALITY. 0. C. V, 2g57-2g5& See s. v. "God, etc."

HAECKEL'S THESES FOR A MONISTIC ALLIANCE. Mon.
XVI, 120-123. A criticism of Professor Haeckel's confession of
faith as destructively negative in its statement instead of positive.

HAMLET, THE HINDU. O, C. XXI. 359-363- Resemblances
between Shakespeare's hero and the philosophy of the Bha-
gavadgita.

HAMMURABI. Illustrated. O. C. XVII, 274-280. Hammurabi
is the Amraphel of Genesis, supposed to be a contemporary
of Abraham. His famous code is here compared with the
Mosaic law.

HARD TIMES TEACH, THE LESSON THAT. O. C. V,
3043-3043. The value of struggle, the errors of hedonism, and
the need for only educational charity, are the main poinls
touched upon.

132 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

HARMONY OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION. O. C. VII, 3553-
3554. In reply to Mr. W. Stewart Ross of The Agnostic
Journal,

HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. O. C. I, 33-35- Astronom-
ical laws relating to the symmetrical proportions of the plane-
tary system are here summed up, establishing the harmony of
cosmic laws.

HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. O. C XX, 220-227. There
is a harmony of the noblest aspirations among all the religions,
and such a maxim as "Love your enemies" was echoed in
ancient China by Lao Tze; in Buddhist literature by innumer-
able admonitions to exterminate hatred and practice benevo-
lence; and in Greek literature by Plato, who introduces in his
symposium Demeter's glorification of love, which has rightly
been compared to Paul's 13th chapter to the Corinthians.

HARNACK, PROFESSOR ADOLF, ON THE RELIGION OF
SCIENCE. Mon. IV, 494-506. A reply to Hamack's criticism
of a review of his "Outlines of the History of Dogma," in
which he confuses his reviewer with the editor.

HARPER'S BIBLE CRITICISM, PRESIDENT. O. C. VIII,
3996. A defense of President Harper's reverent spirit and
sound scholarship against critics who expose their own ig-
norance of the work done in the field of orthodox theology
by accusing him of heresy.

HAZING AND FAGGING. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 430-437.
Gives some history of these customs from the times of the
mediaeval universities. The illustrations are taken from con-
temporary woodcuts.

HEALING BY CONJURATION IN ANCIENT BABYLON.
Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 65-74. A small tablet coming down
to us from Babylonian antiquity was thought to represent the
soul's descent to the underworld, but recent investigation shows
that it is probably a conjuration tablet, and the figure thought
to be a dead body is probably the patient. Instances of con-
jurations are quoted at length, the English version being made
from Dr. Karl Frank's translation of cuneiform inscriptions.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 133

HEART OF MAN AS MIRRORED IN RELIGIOUS ART.
Illustrated. O. C. XII, 236-242. Republished in History of the
Devil,

HEDONISM AND ASCETICISM. O. C. Ill, 1517:1518. A
systematic conception of the universe is the theoretical, and
ethics, the practical aspect of philosophy. Materialism pro-
duces an ethics of hedonism or utilitarianism; spiritualism
leads to asceticism. Monism rejects both views, for mere
happiness will leave the heart empty, and asceticism is de-
structive; while the performance of our daily duty, directed
toward the progress of mankind, gives sufficient occasion for
self-control and at the same time furnishes a nobler satis-
faction, which is the highest kind of happiness.

HEDONISM, MR. SPENCER'S, AND KANTS ETHICS OF
DUTY. Mon. XVIII, 306-315. See s, v. "Spencers."

HEGELER, GISELA. O. C. VI, 3279-3280. An address de-
livered at the funeral of the daughter of Mr. E. C. Hegeler.

HEGELER, MUS. E. C, A TRIBUTE TO. O. C. XXII, 385-
386. A funeral address.

HEMISPHERIC REGION, THE. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2295-
2298. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the
Nervous System.

HENISM, THE WRONG METHOD OF. O. C. VIII, 4067-
4068. In answer to Paul R. Shipman's "Suggestions Touching
Matter and Energy."

HERACLITUS ON CHARACTER. O. C. XX, 42-44. With
special reference to the Platonic God-conception; see also s. v,
"Ethos Anthropoi Daimon."

HEREDITY AND THE A PRIORI. O. C. IX, 4540-4541. In
reply to Mr. Ellis Thurtell, who condemns a criticism of
Lewis's and Spencer's reconciliation of the a priori and a poste-
riori schools.

HEWAVITARNE, THE MUDALIYAR. O. C. XX, 314-31S.
An obituary note on the death of the father of Dharmapala.

HIGHER HUMANITY, AN INSTANCE OF. O. C. Ill, 1616.
A brief note on the man-of-war Trenton.

134 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

HINDUISM DIFFERENT FROM BUDDHISM. O. C. XX,
^SS'^SA' Sums up in a few words the characteristic differences
between Hinduism, Buddhism and Theosophy.

HISTORY IS TRANSFIGURED BY MYTH, HOW. O. C
XVIII, 690694. Republished in The Story of Samson.

HOKUSAI; JAPANESE ARTIST. With portrait. O. C. XVI,
440-441. Review of C. J. Holmes's Hokusai.

HOLTZMANN, HEINRICH JULIUS. O. C XVI, 257-262.
An account of the life and work of this representative of the
German school of New Testament critics ; his portrait serves
as frontispiece.

HOLY EDICT OF K'ANG-HI; A CHINESE ANTI-MACH-
lAVELLI. Mon. XIV, 7Z7'7Al^' K'ang-Hi, one of the
most famous Mongol emperors of China, took his duty as
emperor very seriously, and published an edict which has
become a classical expression of good government. The pres-
ent article contains Chinese text, translation, and explanatory
comments.

HOLYOAKE, G. J., SECULARISM OF. O. C. X, 5092-5094.
The significance of "secularism" and the difference between it
and the "religion of science."

HUNGER AFTER RIGHTEOUSNESS, THE. O. C. IV, 2165-
2166. Republished in Homilies of Science,

HUXLEY'S CHURCH, PROFESSOR. O. C. Ill, 1590. A
quotation from Huxley's "Administrative Nihilism."

HYPNOTISM, DANGERS OF. O. C. IV, 2160-2161.
HYPNOTISM, SIGNIFICANCE OF. O. C. IV, 2129-2131.
HYPNOTISM, WHAT IS IT? O. C. Ill, 1958-1961. Foregoing
three articles republished in Soul of Man.

IDEAS, ASSAY OF ABSTRACT. O. C. II, 1422. Brief note
on David Newport's essay, "The Self-Evident."

IDEAS, LIFE AND GROWTH OF. O. C. I, 756-757- The law
of conservation of energy holds good in the intellectual realm
as well as the material. See also "It Thinks."

IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN AND DESTINY. O. C. VII, 3529-
3532. Republished in Primer of Philosophy,

IDEALISM AND REALISM. O. C. III. 1553-1554. Referring
to an essay of M. Binet on "Sensation and the Outer World."

IDEALISM, REALISM AND MONISM. O. C. II, gig-gii.
The history of modern philosophy begins with Descaries and
his famous "Cogito ergo sum," and since then modem philos-
ophy has been called idealism. As idealism assumes the ex-
istence of the ego, or the subject, so realism assumes the
existence of things or objects. In monism both idealism and
realism are reconciled, while spiritualism and materialism, rep-
resenting the wrong conclusions of the one-sided assumption
of idealism and realism, find their refutation.

IDENTITY IN CHANGE. O. C. X, 4764-4765. la answer to
Mrs. Hopper's question, Can there be a new Christianity?
Rituals and symbols vary according to taste and historical
tradition, but the essence of religion must remain the same.

IDOLATRY. O. C. VII, 3619-3620, The idolatry of the dog-
matists is an anachronism ; the idolatry of the idea -worshiper
is a degeneration ; and, while avoiding the former, care should
be taken not to fall into the latter.

IGNORAMUS AND INVENIEMUS, NOT IGNORABIMUS
OR INVENIMUS. O. C. II, 903. With each new problem
solved, new problems will arise, but none of Ihem need prove
unsolvable.

IGOROT, THE. Full page illustrations. O. C. XIX, 113-126. A
brief note on a savage tribe from a remote corner of the
Philippines, accompanied by a do/en or more pholographs of
the group exhibited in the anthropological department of the
St. Louis Exposition of 1904.

IMAGE WORSHIP. O. C. XIX, 21-25. Treats particularly of
the iconoclasm of early Christianity, its hatred of pagan idola-
try, and the development of Christian symbolism.

IMMORAUTY AS A PHILOSOPHIC PRINCIPLE. With
portraits. Mon. IX. 572-616. A discussion of Frederick
Nietzsche and his philosophy, considering the subjects, Nietzsche's
Emotionalism, Nietzsche the Nominalist. A Philosophy of
Originality, Nietzsche's Zarathrustra, A Protest Against Him-
self. Another Nietzsche (George M'oore), Nietzsche's Disciples.

136 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

IMMORTALITY. O. C. XII, 58. A hymn with music Repub-
lished in Sacred Tunes,

IMMORTALITY A SCIENTIFIC TRUtH. O. C. VIII, 4155-
4157. Mos of this has been republished in Religion of Science.

IMMORTALITY AND SCIENCK O. C. V, 3022-3026. Repub-
lished in Homilies of Science,

IMMORTALITY AND THE BUDDHIST SOUL-CONCEF-
TION. See s. v, "Buddhist Soul-Conception."

IMMORTALITY IN ANCIENT EGYPT, CONCEPTION OF.
Illustrated. O. C. IX, 4666-4670. Republished in History of
the Devil

IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL O. C. XIX, 363-36a A
reply to Mr. Thaddcus B. Wakeman, with relation to Dr.
Funk's The Widovfs Mite, The central thought is ihat "it
is even better that man should believe in a mythical immor-
tality than that he should deny the truth of the myth itself."

IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL, ASSYRIAN POEMS ON
THE. O. C. XIX, 107-110. Translations of prayers for the
dying soul which have been found on ancient monuments.

IMMORTALITY, SPIRITISM AND. O. C. II, 1360-1362. See
s, V, "Spiritism."

INDIVIDUAL IMPETUS, IMPORT OF. O. C. IX, 4444-4446.
Reply to a review of Primer of Philosophy, by Prof. John
Dewey, emphasizing especially the importance of individuality
in the evolution of thought.

INDONESIAN LEGEND OF NABI ISA. O. C. XXII, 499-
502. A story of the Prophet Jesus retold in the style of the
Buddhist Jatakas, which reached the island of Java through
natives and not through Europeans.

INFINITE A RELIGIOUS IDEA, IS THE? O. C. V, 2732-
2733. Republished in Homilies of Science,

INFINITUDE AND ETERNITY. O. C. II, 870-872. Re-
published in Fund, Prob,

INQUISITION, IS THE CHURCH RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE? Fully illustrated. O. C. XI, 226-243. Quotes Catholics
of to-day to show diversity of views with regard to the

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. i37

Reformation and Inquisition. Illustrations have been in-
corporated in Hist, of the Devil

INSTRUCTION, PLAYFUL, AND GENIUS. O. C. XIII,
566-570. See s, V, "Genius."

INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP, FOR A RE-ESTABLISH-
MENT OF. O. C. XIII, 405-410. Urging the desirability of
good feeling between Germany, England and America. Written
in comment on Wm. Vocke's "Timeo Danaos." See also

. "German in America, The" and "International Good-Will."

INTERNATIONAL GOOD-WILL. O. C. XIII, 373-375. With
reference to the trouble with the Germans in Manila after the
Spanish-American War. See also "German in America, The"
and "International Friendship."

INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE. Ostwald's Pamphlet on
Universal Language. Mon. XIV, S91-596. Pasigraphy. Mon.
XIV, 565-582. Esperanto. Mon. XVI, 450-455. Philologists'
Views on Artificial Languages. Mon. XVI, 610-618. Esper-
anto, Ilo and Malay. Mon. XIX, 430-432.

INVINCIBLE ARMADA, THE. O. C. XXIII, 305-306. Bow-
ring's translation of Schiller's verses, in which the poet echoes
the deep-seated sympathy of his people with the liberty-loving
spirit of England in the sixteenth century.

"IS" AND THE "OUGHT " THE. O. C. VI, 3i95-3i97. Re-
published in Ethical Problem.

IS DOCTOR CARUS A THEIST? Mon. IX, 626-628. Reply
to Amos Waters. Republished in God.

ISSA, THE LIFE OF. Mon. V, 116-119. A review of a book
by Nicolas Notovitch, purporting to be a life of Christ, and
the reason it is a fraud.

"IT THINKS." O. C. I, 640. Comments on a dictum of Lich-
tenburg. We imagine that we think when really thoughts
arise in us according to irrefragable laws.

JAMES, A LETTER FROM PROFESSOR. Mon. XIX, 156.
Professor James* comments on Professor Edwin Tausch's
psychological analysis of his mental makeup in "William
James, The Pragmatist."

{

138 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

JAPAN. See also "Battle of Shimonoseki," "Hokusai," "Strug-
gle in the Far East," "The Yellow Peril."

JAPAN, CHRISTIANITY IN. O. C. XX, 55- See s. v.

"Christianity."

JAPAN, HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN. O. C. XVI,
690-693. See s. V. "Christianity."

JAPAN, INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO. See s. v.

"Buddhism."

JAPAN, MEMORIAL ADDRESSES IN. O. C. XXIII, 383.
Brief note on the custom of personally addressing the spirits
of the dead on definite memorial days, quoting from such a
representative oration.

JAPAN, MODERN ART IN. O. C. XX, 249. See s. v,
"Art."

JAPAN, PHILOSOPHY IN. Mon. IX, 273-281. See s. v.
"Philosophy."

JAPANESE EDUCATION. O. C. XX, 573-574- A brief note
containing a portion of a document issued by the State Min-
ister of Education, in which he denounces the inclination of
the younger generation to accept along with Western views
the looser conception of moral maxims.

JAPAN'S SEVEN JOLLY GODS. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII,
49-56. The seven gods of bliss are compared with the seven
gods of ancient Babylon and the Aryan deities which give us
the names of the days of our week. While the educated
classes in Japan have accepted the philosophy based either on
Confucian ideals of ethical culture or upon the Buddhist world-
conception, the common people still continue to practice what
appears to Europeans as idolatry. The characteristics of each
of these seven gods are enumerated, and the illustrations show
how they are exemplified in popular tradition by the artists of
the people.

JAPANESE LEADERS. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 454-478.

Some account of the history of Japan and portraits of the

leading characters in the Russo-Japanese war.
JENKINS, RICHARD, NOMOTHEISM OF. O. C. XII, 379-

381. Comment on a criticism of the editorial position with

regard to a superpersonal deity.

i

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 139

JESUS, PERSONALITY OF, AND HIS HISTORICAL RE-
LATION TO CHRISTIANITY. Mon. X, 573-6io. The his-
toricity of Jesus is insisted upon and his personality sympa-
thetically characterized by the greatest New Testament text
authorities, especially Professor Holtzmann. Contents: The
Nazarene, Historical Sources, Characteristic Points in the
Religion of Jesus, Jesus the Man and His Method of Teach-
ing, Crucifixion and Resurrection (the successive stages in
the development of the belief in bodily resurrection are
pointed out). Cause of the Success of the Gospels (their
superiority to gnostic views, such as the religion of Simon
Magus, and of the life they portray, to the life of Apollonius
of Tyana), Changes in the Evolution of Christianity (Jewish,
Roman, Teutonic).

JEW AND GENTILE IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY. Mon.
XI, 2^y-27^, The Jews in the dispersion were greatly in-
fluenced by pagan thought, especially with the form of Gnos-
ticism, and also of Mazdaism, and Paul is a typical instance
among them. His Christianity was different from the com-
munistic society of Jew Christians at Jerusalem. He prides
himself that he did not receive the gospel of man, viz., of
Peter, or the other Jew Apostles at Jerusalem, and he asserts
his apostleship on his vision alone (Gal. i, 17-20, and ii, 9-12).
The Jew Christians, also called Nazarenes, remained Jews
and were regarded as heretics by the Gentile Christian church.

JODL, IN ANSWER TO PROFESSOR. O. C. IV, 2654-2656.
Republished in Ethical Problem.

JOHNSTON, MR. CHARLES, VEDANTISM OF. O. C. XX,
92-94. Mr. Johnston sees in Vedantism the acme of Indian
thought, while Dr. Cams regards it merely as a stepping-
stone to Buddhism.

JOLIET, A VISIT TO. O. C. IV, 2538. A few words about a
meeting with the diicago anarchists confined in the peni-
tentiary.

JUBILATE. O. C. VIII, 4047-4051. A sermon delivered at
Unity Church, Chicago. Religion must have sentiment with-
out being sentimental; must be rational, but not rationalistic;
must be applied to practical life.

I40 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

JUDSON, H. D., RAILROAD ETHICS OF. O. C X, 5025-
5030. An address delivered by an agent of the C. B. & Q.
road breathes a wise spirit, differing from that shown by most
railway managements. It is introduced by editorial remarks.

JUSTICE. O. C. VII, 3535-3539. Criticism of Herbert Spencer's
book, Justice, and an article on the same subject by Mr.
Salter.

JUSTICE, ITS NATURE AND ACTUALIZATION. O. C
XXI. In reply to Dr. Lindorme's "Law and Justice."

KAMO NO CHOMEI, MEMOIRS OF. O. C. XVI, 252-253.
A review of a German translation of K. N. C*s Ho Jo Ki,
which appeared under the title Eine Kleine Hiitte,

KAN YING FIEN, THE TREATISE ON RESPONSE AND
RETRIBUTION. O. C. XIX, 477-493- Republished in book
form under the title, T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien,

KANT, MR. SPENCER ON THE ETHICS OF. O. C. II,
1155-1160, 1165-1169; Mon. II, S12-S26, See s, v, "Spencer."

KANT ON EVOLUTION. O. C. IV, 2492-2497. Republished
in Kant and Spencer,

KANT'S ETHICS OF DUTY, MR. SPENCER'S HEDONISM
AND. Mon. XVIII, 306-315. See s. v. "Spencer's."

KANT'S PHILOSOPHY CRITICALLY EXAMINED. Mon.
XII, 181-214. Republished in Kanfs Prolegomena.

KANT'S SIGNIFICANCE IN THE HISTORY OF PHIL-
OSOPHY. Illustrated. Mon. XII, 80-104. Republished in
Kanfs Prolegomena.

KARMA. O. C. VIII, 4217-4221. A tale with a moral, repub-
lished in Karma,

KARMA AND NIRVANA. Mon. IV, 417-439- Republished in
Buddhism and Its Christian Critics.

KARMA, ANOTHER BUDDHIST SONG. O. C. XIX, 49, 50.
The Buddhist law of deeds in verse, and set to music.

KELVIN, LORD; WILLIAM THOMSON. Obituary Note.

Mon. XVIII, 151-152.
KIRCHHOFF, G. R., GRAMMARIAN OF THE CELESTIAL

LANGUAGE. O. C. II, 782-783. See s, v. "Celestial."

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 141

KNOWLEDGE. O. C. VII, 3588-3589. Republished in Prim,
af Phil.

KOERNER, GUSTAV; IN MEMORIAM. O. C. X, 4879.

LABOR-DAY. O. C. VIII, 4207-421 1. Discusses the curse of
labor as drudgery, the origin and nature of labor, the bless-
ings of labor, the dignity of labor, and the problem of labor.

LAO-TZE. O. C. XII, 306-308. An extensive review of Lao-
Tze*s Tao-Teh-King, dwelling upon the significance of Lao-
Tze in the thought of the world.

LAO-TZE IN HIS DESOLATION. O. C XXII, 376. Ex-
planatory of the frontispiece.

LAO-TZE, THE PHILOSOPHER ADRIFT. O. C. XXIII,
447. Brief note in explanation of Murato Tanryo's painting,
which is used as frontispiece.

LAO-TZES TAO-TEH-KING. O. C. X, S136-5139; 5146-5149.
Republished in book of the same title.

LAO-TZES TAO-TEH-KING, AUTHENTICITY OF. Mon.
XI, 574-601. A discussion of Professor Giles* higher criticism
of the Chinese classic partly incorporated in Lao-Tze^s Tao-
Teh-King.

LAO-TZES TAO-TEH-KING, MEDHURST'S NEW TRANS-
LATION OF. O. C. XX, 174-181. See s. v. "Medhurst."

LAU-TSZES TAU-TEH-KING: The Old Philosopher's Clas-
sic on Reason and Virtue translated. Mon. VII, 571-601.
Republished in Lao-Tee's Tao-Teh-King, and Canon of Reason
and Virtue.

LAUGHING, ON^ THE PHILOSOPHY OF. Mon. VIII, 250-
272. Laughing is the privilege of man; it is an outburst of
sentiment, but limited to the realm of rational mentality.
Here the origin and meaning of the human laugh are char-
acterized in outline, and other pertinent questions are dis-
cussed.

LAW, AUTHORITY OF THE MORAL O. C. IV, 2606-2608.
Republished in Ethical Problem.

LAY CHURCH, FOUNDATION OF A., O. C. XVII, 52-54.
A suggestion ^y which to revive, modernize and sustain church

142 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCR

life; a program for the establishment of an organization for
the benefit of people over whom the churches have lost their
influence.

LETHARGY, CATALEPSY AND SOMNAMfeULISM. Illus-
trated. O. C. Ill, 1972- 1976. Republished in Soul of Man.

LIBERAL CONGRESS, THE. See s. v. "Liberal Religious
Societies.*'

LIBERAL RELIGION, THE GROUND OF ALL O. C. Ill,
2013-2014. Notes on an essay under this title by F. E. Abbot
in the Unitarian Review,

LIBERAL RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, AMERICAN CON-
GRESS OF. O. C IX, 4531-4533; X, 4982; 5 139-5 140. The
first and third articles are reports of the meetings of 1895 and
1896, and the second one is the report of a committee ap-
pointed to formulate definitely the scope and purpose of the
fellowship.

LIBERALS FOLLY, THE. O. C. Ill, 2015-2016. Republished
in Homilies of Science.

LIBERALS, IN ANSWER TO THE CRITICISM OF ILLIB-
ERAL. Ill, 2107-2108. See s. V. "Destructive or Con-
structive."

LIBERTY AND NATIONALISM. O. C. IV, 2383-2384. Com-
ment on T. B. Wakeman's ''Is Nationalism a Sin Against
Liberty?"

LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE IN PRUSSIA. O. C. X, 4837-
4838. An instance of persecution in Germany inconsistent with
Germany's criticism of certain actions on the part of England.

LIFE AND THE SOUL Mon. XVIII, 192-216. In reply to
Mr. J. Butler Burke, who would solve the problem of the
soul by the natural selection of atoms. The article treats in
turn, vitalism, metabolism, animal life and consciousness, life
a product of organization, the preservation of form, the
spontaneity of living substance, the inner aspect or sub-
jectivity, memory, the religious aspect.

LIFE, ETHICS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR. O. C. IV, 2137-
2138. Republished in Horn, of Set.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. I43

"UKE CURES LIKE" IN GREEK LEGEND. O. C. XIV,
509. Brief note on the origin of the philosophic principle of
homoeopathy, illustrated by an Etruscan mirror representing
the healing of Telephus by the application of splinters from
the spear of Achilles which made the wound.

LITERARY DISCUSSION, ETHICS OF. O. C. II, 1230-1231.
Republished in Homilies of Science,

LITTRE'S POSITIVISM. Mon. II, 410-417. Republished in
Surd of Metaphysics,

LIVING THE TRUTH. O. C. IV (No. 67), 2589-2590. Re-
published in Homilies of Science.

LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN ACTIVITY. Illustrated. O. C.
IV, 2355-2358; 2365-2370; 2379-2383. Republished in Soul of
Man and in the Psychology of the Nervous System,

LOOKING FORWARD. O. C. IV, 2151-2152. Republished in
Homilies of S-cience.

LORD'S PRAYER, THE Illustrated. O. C. XII, 491-500.
The Lord's Prayer, so typical of Christianity, is preserved in
different versions in the New Testament, and it is probable
that the tersest of them is the most original. This consisted
of five prayers, presumably to be recited in rosary fashion, ac-
cording to the five fingers on the hand. The several versions
are quoted, and also the opinions of prominent theologians.
Prototypes of the Lord's Prayer are found in ancient Hebrew
traditions, for instance, those of Rabbi Jehudah, and the
meaning of the word epiousios, wrongly translated "daily," is
discussed.

LOST MANUSCRIPT, THE. ORIGIN AND IMPORT OF
THE NOVEL. O. C. IV, 2628-2630. Reproduced as preface
to Freytag's Novel.

LOVER OF TRUTH, A. O. C. VIII, 4093-4094. A lesson for
the blunt man who insists on telling all the truth at all times
and assumes that others are liars and hypocrites. Told in
story form.

LOW, CANON. Remarks on his article, "GOD IN SCIENCE
AND RELIGION. Mon. VIII, 610^15. Republished in God.

144 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

MACH, ERNST, IN CONGRATULATION ON HIS SEVEN-
TIETH BIRTHDAY. Mon. XVIII, 124-125.

MACH'S PHILOSOPHY. Mon. XVI, 331-356. Comments on
Mach*s Philosophy, as interpreted by Dr. Kleinpeter, in his
article "On the Monism of Professor Mach."

MACH'S TERM "SENSATION." Mon. Ill, 298-299. A few
supplementary remarks with regard to a former controversy.
See "Psycho-physics, Some Questions of."

M'KINLEY, WILLIAM. OBITUARY. O. C. XV, 577-578.

MAGIC, THE OLD AND THE NEW. Illustrated. O. C.
XIV, 333-347; 422-436. Republished in part in Evans' The
New and the Old Magic,

MAGIC SQUARES, REFLECTIONS ON: MATHEMATICAL,
HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL. Mon. XVI, 123-
147. Republished in Andrews's Magic Squares and Cubes,

MAHAYANA DOCTRINE AND ART. Illustrated. O. C.
XVI, 562-566; fei-630. Comments on Amitabha.

MAITREYA, ANANDA. A BUDDHIST CONVERT. O. C.
XVI, 250-251. A brief sketch of the life of Allan McGregor.

MAITREYA, BHIKKU ANANDA. O. C. XXII, 573-574- The
editor of Buddhism and his propaganda for the faith.

MAN A CREATOR. With Portraits. O. C. XXI, 378-381.
The creation of new species by Luther Burbank and Dr.
Nilsson, of Svalof, Sweden.

MAN AND NATURE, THE ONENESS OF. O. C. II, 1107-
II 10. Republished in Fund, Problems,

MARRIAGE PROBLEM AND ETHICS. O. C. 1364. A com-
ment on Prof. Cope's suggestion of a five years' contract.
The solution of the marriage problem can be accomplished
only by education. For marriage to be a success, both hus-
band and wife should be animated by the spirit of self-
sacrifice in the idea of attending to the higher duties of a
progressive humanity.

MARRIAGE SERVICES REVISED. O. C. VIII, 4342. A
rewording of the marriage service for the unchurched, so as
to preserve, in a dignified and appropriate wav, all that^ is
true and g^od in the traditional formulas without retaining

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 145

expressions which imply a concession to dogmas no longer
believed.

MATERIALISM, THE ERROR OF. O. C V, 2823-2824. In
answer to Col. Paul R. Shipman's criticism. Republished in
Fundamental Problems.

MATERIALISM, THE REACTION AGAINST. O. C IV,
2169-21 72. Republished in Soul of Man,

MATHEMATICAL DIVERSIONS, FRANKLIN SQUARES
AND OTHER. Men. XVI, 605-625. See s. v. "Franklin
Squares."

MATHEMATICAL OCCULTISM AND ITS EXPLANATION.
Mon. XVII, lo^iio. Editorial introduction to a symposium
contributed to by Capt. J. F. C. Fuller, W. S. Andrews and
William F. White.

MATHEMATICS, A DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS
WITH PURE FORMS. Mon. Ill, 133-13S. In reply to Mr.
Edward Dixon's criticism of "The Foundations of Geometry.'*

MATHEMATICS IN EDUCATION, THE PLACE OF. Mon.
XV, 295-297. Comments on Professor Lindemann's efforts to
have mathematics given a more important place in German
secondary schools.

MATHEMATICS, THE OLD AND THE NEW. O. C. II,
1468-1472. Republished in Fund. Prob.

MATHEMATICS, THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF. Mon. XIII, 273-294. Republished in The Foundations of
Mathematics.

MATTER AND FORCE IN THEIR RELATION TO
GRAVITY, SIGNIFICANCE OF. O. C. II, 803-804. Com-
ment on Le Sage's theory of gravitation, as presented by
Wilhelm Stoss, and on an article by J. G. Vogt.

MAZDAISM, THE RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT PER-
SIANS. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 141-149. Mazdaism, the
religion of ancient Persia, was a monotheism which resembles
greatly the doctrine of Christianity. Ahriman plays the same
part m it as Satan in Christianity. Mithras, the Saviour, the
son of a virgin and the all-conqueror, is called "the Vic-
torious" and "Religiousness Incarnate." At his advent, the

146 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

dead will arise, and while the faithful will go to heaven with
transfigured bodies, the evil-doers will be doomed to hell.

MEDHURSrS NEW TRANSLATIONS OF THE TAO-
TEH-KING. O. C. XX, 174-181. An extensive review con-
taining many comparisons with Dr. Cams' own translation.
See s. V. Lao-Tze.

MEDICI, DR. CHARLES DE. O. C. XXII, 744-749- See j. v.
"Tragedy of a Lonely Thinker."

MEDIUM, REVELATIONS OF AN EX-. O. C. XXIII, iii-
118; 280-301. Excerpts from a book now out of print which
was written by one of the most successful mediums in the
United States, who, after eighteen years of mediumistic ex-
periences, gave up the profession and entered practical life.
In doing so, he deemed it proper to unburden his conscience
and publish a general confession of his frauds. It is from
this book that these extracts are taken.

MEMORY AND ORGANIZED SUBSTANCE. O. C. Ill,
1900-1902. Republished in the Soul of Man.

MEMORY, SENSATION AND. O. C. II, I43i-I433. See s. v,
"Sensation."

MEMORY, TH. RIBOT ON. O. C. I, 264-267. Presenting
Ribot's views on memory, in which he follows his contem-
porary, Hering. Ribot's method is to get an understanding of
evolution by studying dissolution — its inverse process.

MEMORY, TH. RIBOT ON DISEASES OF. O. C. I, 344-
348. A resume of Ribot's book.

MENE TEKEL. O. C. VIII, 3930-3932. With reference to the

lessons to be drawn from the hard times of the winter of

1893-94.
MER-MONKEY, THK O. C. XX, 48-50. An actual occurrence

relating how easily fact and fancy intertwine so as to be

easily indistinguishable.

MESHA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. O. C.
XVII, 520-528. Mesha's Inscription, also called the Moabite
stone, was a most remarkable monument which relates events
which from the Israelitish standpoint are related in the Bibli-
cal books of 2 Kings, iii, 4, and in other places. The article

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 147

contains a reproduction of the stone, of the inscription in
Hebrew characters and a translation of the text.

MESSAGE OF MONISM TO THE WORLD. Mon. IV, 545-
560. Monism is the principle that pervades the scientific tend-
encies of our age, and its applications to practical life are
important. This article sketches these applications in the three
great fields of (i) practical psychology, touching questions of
education, the judiciary, and the treatment of criminals; (2)
public life, choosing for special consideration the much neg-
lected topic of art; and (3) the religious field of our church
institutions.

METAPHYSICAL X IN COGNITION. Mon. V, 510-552. Re-
published in Surd of Metaphysics.

METAPHYSICISM. O. C. Ill, I995-I997. The main error of
metaphysicism is the vicious habit of metaphysical philosophers
to start with postulates, whereas positive philosophy rejects
all postulates and starts from the positive data of experience,
states of consciousness. Positive philosophy recognizes no rev-
elation, no intuition, no mysticism, no agnosticism ; it deals
with facts only, and its religion rests upon a scientific basis.
Metaphysicism is a disease of philosophy, and a fatal one,
for it leads straightway into the realm of the mystic unknow-
able, where all philosophy is at an end.

METAPHYSICISM TO POSITIVISM, FROM. O. C. I, 695-
696. A brief reply to a criticism.

METAPHYSICS: THE USE AND MEANING OF THE
WORD. O. C. II, 1313-1314. Republished in Fund. Prob.

METCHNIKOFF, ELIE, AND THE CAUSE OF SENILE
DECADENCE. O. C. XVIII, 618-624. Extracts from a book
by this pupil of Pasteur, who was also his successor as di-
rector of the Pasteur Institute. Dr. Metchnikoff discovered
the significance of the white corpuscles in the body, which
are really scavengers of the system. He believes that in old
age these corpuscles have devoured their natural enemies, the
microbes, and are then obliged, for lack of food, to attack
the higher organs. He does not claim to have found the
solution to the problem of the evils of old age, but offers his
hypothesis for consideration, according to which one means of

148 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

fighting against senility^ would be to strengthen the higher
elements of the organism and to weaken the aggressive ca-
pacities of the phagocytes.

MEXICO, PICTORIAL DOCUMENTS OF THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY BY NATIVE ARTISTS OF ANCIENT. Illus-
trated. O. C. XII, 746-755. Reproducing a series of fifteen
pictures made at the command of a native Mexican chief.
They were the official documents of his little state at the time
of the conquest of Mexico by Cortez.

MILLS, PROF. LAWRENCE H. With portrait O. C.

XXI, 189-190. Some account of his activities at the age of
seventy.

MILLS, PROF. LAWRENCE H., AND THE PARSI COM-
MUNITY. Q. C. XXIII, 446-447. Clipping from the L9ndon
Indian Chronicle, giving an account of the honor paid to
Professor Mills by the Parsees of London, whose guest he
was at their annual festival.

MILLS, PROF. LAWRENCE H., ON THE LOGOS. O. C

XXII, 225-228. In the controversy concerning the prevalence
of Persian ideas in Judaism and Christianity, Prof. Mills
vigorously protests against the idea that the Logos-conception
was derived from Persian sources.

MIND, IS GOD A? O. C V, 2978-2980. See s. v. "God."

MIND, NATURE OF. O. C. II, 999-1001. The derivation of
the word and its synonyms. "Mind" denotes the intellectual
faculty of a corporeal being, while "spirit" may be used in
the sense of a disembodied hobgoblin. Mind can be said to
control matter in the sense that a thinking being, by means
of his ability to think, can control the motion of matter in
giving direction to a certain amount of energy — but in no
occult sense.

MIND, NATURE OF, AND THE MEANING OF REALITY.
Mon. II, 434-437. Suggested by Dr. Worcester's criticism of
Prof. James's Psychology, Terms "Mind" and "Reality" are
clearly defined.

MIND NOT A STORAGE OF ENERGY. Mon. V, 282-288.
In reply to Prof. Lester F. Ward.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. I49

MIND, ORIGIN OF. Mon. I, 69-86. Republished in The Soul

of Man,
MIND-READING IN THE NURSERY. Illustrated. O. C.

XIV, 502-508. Republished in Our Children.

MINOT'S DUALISM, COMMENTS ON. Mon. XIII, 69-79.
See s, V. "Consciousness, The Problem of."

MISSIONARY PROBLEM, THE. O. C. X, 5124-5125. Re-
published in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics,

MISSIONS, CHRISTIAN. Mon. V, 274-281. See s. v "Chris-
tian."

MITHRAISM AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON CHRISTIAN-
ITY. O. C. XVII, 104-106. Mazdaism is distinguished by
its purity and high moral tone. It influenced the western
world first in the days of Cyrus, then when the O. T. apocry-
pha were written, then at the beginning of the Christian era,
when it was a rival of Christianity, and again in its revival
as manichaeism.

MOLTKE'S RELIGION. O. C. IX, 4409-4410. In Moltke's
Trostgedanken he accepted with pious reverence the spirit of
the religion of his childhood, the moral kernel of which he
recognized as pure and nowhere in conflict with reason. But
with critical discrimination, he set aside the dogmas of Chris-
tianity.

MONISM A TERMINUS OF THOUGHT, IS? O. C. VI, 3178-
3180. In reply to Mr. Ellis Thurtell's "Non-Mystical Ag-
nosticism."

MONISM AND HENISM. Mon. IV, 228-247. With special
reference to Dr. R. Lewins's and Prof. Lester F. Ward's
monistic theories.

MONISM AND PHILOLOGY. O. C. II, 884-886. Giving ex-
tensive quotations from Noire's Max Muller and the Philosophy
of Language.

MONISM AND RELIGION. O. C. I, 694-695. Monism does
not represent a school of philosophy. Its principle is the basis
of science. From its standpoint, religion cannot conflict with
science. True religion, so far as it is free from superstition,
is monistic and true ethics consists in the actualization of
monism in our lives.

ISO PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

MONISM AND SOLIPSISM. O. C. IV, 2610. Brief remarks
on a letter from W. J. Gill in which the difference between
monism and so-called solipsism is admitted to be merely a
matter of terms.

MONISM AS THE FORMAL PRINCIPLE OF COGNITION.
O. C. II, 1478-1479. Republished in Fund. Prob.

MONISM ARBITRARY, IS? Mon. Ill, 124-127. A reply to
Mr. F. C. Russell's criticism of the doctrine of a double-faced
unity of mind and matter; but they cease to be strange when
we consider that the nature of subjectivity is feeling. Man's
knowledge of his own objective existence is not due to any
internal and direct perception of self, but solely to the same
experience through which he receives information concerning
the rest of the world.

MONISM, DUALISM AND AGNOSTIOSM. O. C. I, 209-
212. Monism is here first defined in The Open Court, and
its relation to dualism and agnosticism. Monism traces being
and thinking, object and subject, matter and force to one
source, thus explaining all problems from one principle, but
it also stands in opposition to either materialism or spiritualism.

MONISM, GOETHE'S. O. C. II, 782. See s. v. "Goethe's."

MONISM NOT MECHANICALISM. Mon. II, 438-442. Com-
ments upon Prof. Haeckel's position.

MONISM, ODD VIEWS OF. O. C. Ill, 1917-1918. Repub-
lished in Fund. Prob,

MONISM OR MATERIALISM. O. C. VI, 3i54-3i55. Conclu-
sion of a controversy with Col. Paul R. Shipman.

MONISM, PROFESSOR HAECKEL'S, AND THE IDEAS
OF GOD AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. V, 2957-2958. See
s. V. "God, etc."

MONISM, RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF. O. C II, 1381-
1384. In answer to a criticism from Dr. Gustav Carus. The
article briefly reviews the principles of monism and the points
in which it differs from the prevalent type of freethought, and
from materialism; and where its ethics of meliorism differs
from the extremes of optimism and pessimism. Monism is
not driven to the alternative of adopting either horn of the
dilemma: the order of the universe is either the work of

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 151

a personal God or the fortuitous result of the play of blind
forces ; but, instead, God is the omnipresent order of the
Cosmos, and he is immanent but not transcendent.

monism: to the world, message of. Mon. IV, 545-
560. See s. V. "Message."

MONISM UNTENABLE, IS? O. C. IV, 2465-2469, 2479-2483.
Republished in Fund, Probs.

MONIST, THE. O. C. V, 3073-3086. A sketch of its philosophy
and a review of the first five numbers.

MONOGAMY AND FREE LOVE. O. C IV, 2699-2700. Re-
published in Horn, of Set.

MONROE DOCTRINE, SIGNIFICANCE OF THE. O. C. X,
4780-4782. With reference to President Cleveland and the
Venezuela question.

MONUMENTS. Naram-Sin's Stele. 0. C. XVIII, 562-567.
Siloam Inscription. O. C. XVII, 662-665. Fa-lek. O. C.
XVII, 651-656, 747-754. Rosetta Stone. O. C. XVIII, 531-536;
XIX, 89-91. Russian Icons. O. C. XVIII, 449-453- Holy Edict
of K'ang Hi. Mon. XIV, 733-746. Caaba, The. O. C. XVII,
151-153. Mesha's Declaration of Independence. O. C. XVII,
520-528. Pictorial Documents of the i6th Cent, by Native Artists
of Ancient Mexico. O. C. XII, 746-755. Queen of Sheba
According to the Tradition of Axum. O. C. XIX, 31-34.

MORAL OUGHT, ANALYSIS OF THE. O. C. VI, 3161-3164.
Comments upon Prof. H. Sidgwick's View. Republished in
Ethical Problem.

MORALITY AND RELIGION, MR. GOLDWIN SMITH ON.
O. C. V, 2765-2768. Republished in Ethical Problem.

MORALITY AND VIRTUE. O. C. V, 3011-3013. Republished
in Hom, of Sci.

MORNING GLORY. O. C. XIX, 447. A versified rendering of
a short Japanese poem after E. W. Clement's literal version.

MOTE AND THE BEAM. O. C. Ill, 2099-2100; IV, 2245-
2247. Republished in Homilies of Science,

MUELLER, PROF. F. MAX. AND ROMANES, THE SCI-
ENCE OF LANGUAGE VERSUS THE SCIENCE OF

IS2 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

LIFE AS REPRESENTED BY. Mon. II, 70-94. Sec s, v.
"Evolution, Continuity of."

MUELLER, PROF. F. MAX, DENOUNCED FOR HERESY.
O. C. V, 2829-2832. Report of the Glasgow Presbjrtery.

MUELLER, PROF. F. MAX. HIS THEORY OF SELF. Mon,
VIII, 123-139. Republished in Surd of Metaphysics,

MUHAMMAD, SAYINGS OF. O. C XX, 33-41. Comments
on the significance of Muhammad and the religion of Islam,
and a sketch of the prophet's life.

MUSIC IN EDUCATION. O. C. XX, 3"-3i3. Republished in
Our Children,

MUSIC, POPULAR. O. C. XIV, 122-123. A brief note in
defense of American appreciation of art.

MUSIC, SIGNIFICANCE OF. Mon. V, 401-407. Music is the
most perfect embodiment of purely abstract law. It is aglow
with sentiment and is the most effective means of allaying
the passions of the heart, and the reason is, that if we could
analyze all the throbs of our life, we would find nothing but
motion. Our physical life is a sonata which we perform
without being able to hear its music

MUSIC, SONGS SET TO: Ashvajit's Stanza. O. C. XIX,
182-183. (Same as "Essence of the Doctrine.") Buddha's
Hymn of Victory. O. C. XIX, 49. Eternity. O. C. XII, 245.
The Friar. O. C. XIV, 305-312. The God of Iron. O. C.
XII, 188. Godward. O. C. XII, 12& Karma, the Law of
Deeds. O. C. XIX, 50. The Religion of the Future. O. C.
XII, 571. Three Characteristics. O. C. XIX, 563. Unfurl the
Flag. O. C. XII, 44a (1-12.)

MUSIC. See also "Violin Music, A New System of Notation
For."

MYSTERIOUS BEETLR O. C VI, 3321-3323. Republished
in Twelve Tales.

MYSTICISM. Mon. XVIII, 75-110. Written in reply to the
Rev. John Wright Buckham's "The Return to the Truth in
Mysticfsm," in order to emphasize the fact that clearness of
thought is the first requirement for the construction of a
true philosophy, without which mysticism becomes positively

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 153

dangerous. The return to mysticism is discussed, followed
by its philosophical basis, and a sketch of its history. The
significance of the German mystics is noted and the anonymous
Theologica Germanica is quoted in detail, as are also many of
the quatrains of the "Cherubinean Wanderer" of Angelus
Silesius. See also "Clearness, The Importance of, and the
Charm of Haziness."
MYSTICISM, THE VALUE OF. O. C. Ill, 2039-2040. Re-
published in Horn, of Scu

MYSTIFICATIONS, UNEXPLAINED. O. C. XXII, 359-363.
Comment on Mr. Abbott's "History of a Strange Case," in
which it is made clear that because a spectator may not be
able to explain the exact process by which the mystification
is brought about, in no way invalidates the impossibility of
ghostly interference.

NAMES. O. C. IX, 4379-4382. A reply to Mr. John Maddock's
letter of rejoinder with regard to definitions of "Christian,"
"Christianity," etc. There cannot be found a definition of the
essentials of faith which could be agreed upon by the 300,-
000,000 people who bear the name. There is no objection to
being called a Christian, provided one may also be entitled
to call himself a Buddhist, a Freethinker, a Kantian, or what
not See also "Words and Their Meaning."

NAMING THINGS IN THE NURSERY, SIGNIFICANCE
OF. O. C. XIII, 66^^72, Republished in Our Children,

NAPOLEON AND HENRY IV. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 52-
55. A contrast is drawn between Napoleon's relation to the
pope, and that of the German kings, exemplified in Henry
IV's humiliation at Canossa.

NARAM-SIN'S STELE. Illustrated. O. C XVIII, 562-567. A
remarkable Babylonian monument, erected about 3750 B. C.
It is of great historical value, and bears witness also to the
fact that the Babylonian religion, including their idea of the
trinity, was shaped in all its essentials by the ancient Sume-
rians and Akkadians.

NATIVITY, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 710-730; Xiy, 46-
50. The celebration of the Saviour's nativity was not limited
to Christianity, but was observed also among non-Christians,

154 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

the Krishna worshipers, the Buddhists, the Mithraists, etc.,
and there are many strange parallels in details between pagan
and Christian representations of the scene. The birthday of
Christ has been settled on the day of the birth of Mithras,
which was observed on the 25th dajr of December. Passages
of St. Ambrose, Chrysostum, Prudentms, are quoted. The birth
of Dionysus and of Zeus were also celebrated with great noise
and rejoicing.

NATURE ALIVE, IS? O. C. II, 1264-1266. Republished in
Fund, Prob.

NATURE AND MORALITY. O. C. VI, 3186-3189^ 3201-3203,
3210-321 1. An examination of the ethical views of John Stuart
Mill. Republished in Ethical Problem,

NAVAL ACADEMY, DUPLICATE THE. O. C. XV, 495-497.
This is a suggestion to Congress, based upon the importance
of the naval power in the history of nations. Then, too, if
our government gave the same education to twice as many
youths as there are officers wanted in the navy, they would
educate a number of efficient sailors for practical use in our
mercantile marine and would have a reserve of trained men
for emergencies.

NECESSITY, THE IDEA OF; ITS BASIS AND ITS SCOPE.
Mon. HI, 68-96. A discussion written with reference to Mr.
'Charles S. Peirce's article on the subject of necessity. Neces-
sity must be distinguished from the idea of fate. Bearing in
mind that necessity is not a power outside of nature and
above the will of man, but that it resides in ^nian as the
quality of sameness, the view that identifies necessity with com-
pulsion must be abandoned; recognizing thus that freedom of
the will is not incompatible with the author's view of neces-
sitarianism. Under "The Basis of Necessity" are treated: The
Idea of Sameness, Sameness and Mind, The Existence of
Sameness a Fact, eindeutig bestimmt; under "The Scope of
Necessity: Necessity and Chance, Free- Will, The Mechanical
Philosophy, Spontaneity.

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE VERTEBRATES. Illustrated.
O. C. IV, 2228-2232. Republished in Soul of Man; also in
Psychohgy of the Nervous System,

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 155

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF WORMS, RADIATES AND AR-
TICULATES. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2212-2216. Republished
in Saul of Man; also in Psychology of the Nervous System.

NESTORIUS AND THE NESTORIANS. With illustration.
O. C. XXIII, 17 1- 1 73. Some errors occur in this article, which
are corrected, and the article itself is expanded as republished
in the pamphlet The Nestorian Monument,

NEW WINE IN OLD BOTTLES. O. C. IV, 2193-2194. Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

NEW YEARS EVE AND NEW YEARS DAY. O. C. V,
3071. Brief history of the day and its celebration.

NEWSPAPER, THE IDEAL O. C. Ill, 2014, iii-iv. Remarks
of Mr. Henry E. Rood in the North American Review,

NEY, ELISABET. O. C. IX, 309-310. With reference to her
famous bust of Schopenhauer.

NEY, ELISABET. Obituary note. O. C. XXI, 637.

NIETZSCHE,, FRIEDRICH. Illustrated. Mon. XVII, 230-251.
A characterization of the man and his influence.

NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY: IMMORALITY AS A
PHILOSOPHIC PRINQPLE. Mon. IX, 572-616. See s. v.
"Immorality."

NIRVANA: A STORY OF BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY.
O. C. X, SiSi-SiS4> 5160-5166, 5169-5173. Republished in book
form.

NIRVANA, ENTER INTO. O. C IV, 2635-2636. Republished
in Honk of Science.

NIRVANA PICTURE, WU TAO TZFS. O. C XVI, 163-166.
Republished in album form to accompany art prints of this
sacred Buddhist picture. See also "Chinese Art," in which
Professor Giles is quoted as calling attention to an error in
interpretation.

NOBEL, DR. ALFRED BERNHARD O. C. XXIII, 448. Por-
trait and brief note calling attention to the fact that he has
contributed more to universal peace by his invention of ex-
plosives than by his distribution of peace prizes.

NORWAY AND THE PEACE PRIZE. O. C. XX, 186. Brief
note on John Lund's article, "The Nobel Prizes."

156 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

NOT IRRELIGION, BUT TRUE RELIGION. O. C IX, 4583-
4587. Republished in Rel. af Science,

NUMBER TT IN CHRISTIAN PROPHECY, THE Mon. XVI,
415-421. The oldest approximation for calculating a circle on
the path of a cycle in ancient Babylon was three and one-
half, or, more generally, three and a fraction, and this figure
occurs again and again in Apocalyptic literature whenever a
cycle of some kind in days or years is mentioned. It is strange
that pagans have not yet discovered that this mystic number is
the relation of the diameter to the circle; and so we have
also the original statement that Christ would rise from the
dead after three days, which was changed later on to "on
the third day" because his resurrection was celebrated on
Sunday.

OLD AND THE NEW, THE. Mon. XIX, 468-473. In reply
to Mr. W. E. Ayton Wilkinson's article, "Credulity and In-
credulity," treating especially the change that has taken place
in God-conceptions.

OLD SYMBOLS IN A NEW SENSE O. C. XXI, 573-574.
Brief note in comment on an article on the swastika by Dr.
Parker, who sees, in its pre-Christian origin, a prophecy of the
Church.

OLD TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. O. C. XV, 156-175. His-
tory of the Jews in relation to the history of their canon, as
it appears in the light of scientific enquiry.

OLYMPIAN BRIDES. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 79-100. Re-

published in The Bride of Christ.

ONEIROS AND HARPAX. O. C. VIII, 4100-4101. A legend
of the creation in which Oneiros is an angel who brings fair
visions to man in Eden, but Harpax comes at the moment
of awakening and takes them away. Finally the man and
woman left Eden and tilled the ground for their bread. Their
sorrows were multiplied, but they were undaunted, and they
were satisfied that this world of work, struggle and death, in
spite of so many dangers, miseries and disappointments, was
better than the Eden of unconscious happiness.

ONTOLOGY AND POSITIVISM. O. C. IV, 2143-2145. Re-
published in Fund, Problems.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. I57

ORNAMENT, EVOLUTION OF. Illustrated. O. C XVII, 291-
296. See s. V, "Evolution," etc.

ORPHEUS MOSAIC, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 566-568.
This is a mosaic recently discovered in Jerusalem, probably
pagan, thus corroborating the theory that the early Christians
availed themselves of pagan symbols before they developed a
symbolism of their own.

OSTWALD'S PAMPHLET ON UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.
Mon. XIV, 591-596. Prof. Ostwald's objections to English are
negative and based mainly on national prejudice. The author
concludes by calling attention to the fact that the aspiration
of constructing a world language is in itself a factor that
should not be underrated as a symptom of the growing spirit
of international friendship.

OSTWALD'S PHILOSOPHY, PROFESSOR. Mon. XVII, 516-
54a An appreciation and a criticism of his theory of energetics.

OUGHT AND THE IS, THK O. C. VI, 3i9S-3i97. See s, v,
"Is," etc.

OUGHT AND THE MUST, THE. O. C IV, 2584-2586. Repub-
lished in Ethical Problem,

PAGAN CHRISTS. O. C. XIX, 92-99. An extended review of
John M. Robertson's book of this name.

PAGAN ELEMENTS OF CHRISTIANITY; AND THE SIG-
NIFICANCE OF JESUS. Monist XII, 416-425. The idea of
a saviour existed before Jesus, and the word Christ appears in
the Septuagint and the Psalms of Solomon, both pre-Christian.
Christianity teaches that Jesus was the Christ. The pre-Chris-
tian Christ conceptions are more mythological. One of them
is still preserved in Revelations XII and XIX. The prototype
of the latter is apparently Marduk, and so there seems to have
existed also a worship of Serapis as Christ, which is indicated
in a letter of Emperor Hadrian. The Jews ignored the doc-
trine of immortality, but Christianity reintroduced it, together
with the Trinity doctrine and the ceremonial wailing day for
the god that had died. In a struggle between the several forms
of Christianity, it is by no accident that the one best suited
survived.

158 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

PAGAN NUN, A. O. C. XXI, 319. A Homeric hymn which
preserves the prayer of a vestal virgin. Republished with illus-
tration in The Bride of Christ.

PAIN AND PLEASURE, NATURE OF. Mon. VI, 432. The
traditional idea that pleasure is growth, and pain, destruction
is opposed. Growth is frequently attended by pain, and pain
is always caused by disturbance.

FA-LEK. Illustrated. O. C. XVII, 651-656; 747-754. Philae
is the Hellenized form of P'a-lek, "The Island of the
End." An account of the history of the island up to the time
it was submerged in 1903 in the floods of the Nile.

PANLOGISM. Monist VII, 82-89. Republished in Surd of
Metaphysics.

PANPSYCHISM AND PANBIOTISM. Monist III, 234-257.
Republished in Surd of Metaphysics,

PARABLE OF THE TALENTS. O. C. XIX, 129-130. A
Buddhist parallel to the Gospel story.

PARENTHOOD. O. C. XIII, 211-214. Republished in Our
Children.

PASIGRAPHY: A SUGGESTION. Mon. XIV, 565-582. A
writing to be read by all nationalities would not be subject to
the same difficulties as an international language, among which
the various peculiarities of pronunciation are not the least.

PATRIOTISM AND CHAUVINISM. O. C. VIII, 5012. Re-
published in Tolstoy's Christianity and Patriotism.

PEACE ON EARTH; A PROBLEM OF PRACTICAL DI-
PLOMACY. A Suggestion to the Members of the Peace
Commission. O. C. XIII, 360-363. The plan of disarmament
so often proposed as a means to bring about peace, is
repudiated as unfeasible, and a proposition is made not to give
power to the members of the tribunal, which would simply
defeat their purpose, but to make of it a kind of international
conscience. As such the tribunal would grow in importance
and no world power could afford to treat its opinions with
indifference.

PEACEMAKERS, SOME FALLACIES OF THE. O. C. XXIII,
321-339. This article gives a report of the second annual meet-

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. iS9

ing of the National Peace Congress at Chicago in May, 1909.
The author thinks that the peace-at-any-price agitation is not
only incapable of accomplishing international harmony, but is
positively dangerous in its tendency to discourage the proper
equipment for self-protection. Every country must be able to
protect itself or its rights will not be respected.

PEACEMAKERS IN TROUBLE. O. C. XXIII, 445-446. That
even advocates of peace cannot avoid conflicts is illustrated
by an incident that occurred to a prominent one of their num-
ber. The author takes occasion to reply to some objections
made against his "Some Fallacies of the Peacemakers."

PEARSON ON THE BIBLE, PROFESSOR. O. C. XVI, 152.
See s. V. "Bible."

PECHVOGEL, JOHN. O. C. VIII, 4193-4196. The story of a
blunderer who died a hero.

PEIRCE, CHARLES S., THE FOUNDER OF TYCHISM;
HIS METHODS, PHILOSOPHY, AND CRITICISMS. Mon.
Ill, 571-622. This long discussion of Mr. Peirce's philosophy
of chance is divided into the following heads: Attention to
Detail, Originality, A Modem Procrustes, Occam's Razor,
The Application of Learning, The Principle of Positivism, Lop-
ping Off the Absolute, The Theory of Probable Inference,
Zweideutig hestimmt, Explanation, Duns Scotus as a Philosoph-
ical Patron Saint, Mr. Peirce's Original Theories, The Four
Positive Arguments of Tychism Insufficient, The Negative
Argument a Logical Fallacy. The Apriori and Positivism,
Determinism and Fatalism, Natural I^ws, Causation, Stray
Shots.

PEIRCE, CHARLES S., ON NECESSITY. Mon. II, 442.
Brief note announcing editorial article on necessity to follow
Mr. Peirce's. See s. v. "Necessity, The Idea of."

PEOPLE BY THE SEA. O. C. VI, 3275-3276. Republished in
Twelve Tales.

PERSIAN DUALISM. O. C. IX, 4683-4685. Republished in
Hist, of the Devil.

PERSONALITY OF GOD. Monist IX, 300-305. Reply to Mr.
W. E. Ayton Wilkinson. Republished in God.

i6o PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

PERSONS, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL O. C. II, 1339-
1340. Trusts and corporations are artificial individualities as
compared to nations and empires which are natural individuals.

PETRARCH. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 385-393. Life and
characterization in honor of his six hundredth anniversary.

PFLEIDERER, DR. OTTO. Brief obituary notice. O. C XXII,
505.

PHENOMENA AND NOUMENA. O. C III, 1526-1529. Re-
published in Fund. Proh,

PHENOMENAL AND THE NOUMENAL, ONENESS OF
THK O. C. Ill, 1541-1542. Republished in Fund, Probs.

PHILIPPINE IMBROGLIO. O. C. XIII, 504-505. See also
s, V. "Expansion but not Imperialism."

PHILIPPINES, CHINA AND THK O. C. XIV, 108-iia See
s, V. "China."

PHILIPPINES, HOW TO GOVERN THE. O. C XXI, 629-
634. A suggestion in reply to Poultney Bigelow's "Japanese
Panmalaya." See also s. v, "Expansion but not Imperialism."

PHILOLOGISTS' VIEWS ON ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES.
Monist XVII, 610-618. Criticism of the impracticability of an
artificial language, including quotations from Dr. Karl Brug-
mann. Professor of Indo-Germanic languages at Leipsic, and
August Leskien, Professor of Slavic tongues in the same insti-
tution.

PHILOSOPHICAL NOMENCLATURE, DIFFICULTIES IN.
Monist XV, 6zz-^Z^* Comments on Mr. J. B. Peterson's sug-
gestion contained in "Some Philosophical Terms," with special
mention of "positive" and Anschauung.

PHILOSOPHICAL PARTIES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
AS FACTORS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THOUGHT. O. C.
XI, 5647571- There is a natural contrast in philosophy between
rationalism and empiricism. These parties are as natural as
the political divisions of Whigs and Tories, Republicans and
Democrats, etc. There are always likely to be irregulars cor-
responding to populists, and it is often equally natural for an
independent or eclectic party to arise which demands the set-
tlement of practical questions. Corresponding parties appear .

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. i6i

in religion. Pharisees and Sadducees supplied the two ex-
tremes and the Essenes and Nazarenes were the irregulars of
the time. The reason of the constant reappearance of contrasts
is that both are legitimate and, though contrasts, they do not
contradict each other. A definite solution of the issues between
realism and nominalism, between Kant's apriorism and Mill's
empiricism is provided in the philosophy of form.

PHILOSOPHY IN JAPAN. Monist IX, 273-281. A synopsis
of a paper given by Professor Inouye of the University of
Tokio before the International Congress of Orientalists at
Paris.

PHILOSOPHY OF A HUMORIST. O. C VIII, 4266-4269;
4203-4204; 4298-4300. Republished in book form as Edward's
Dream,

PHILOSOPHY OF THE PERSONAL EQUATION, THE.
Mon. XIX, 78-84. A further criticism of Professor James's
Pragmatism, in which special attention is given to the great
significance ascribed in that work to temperament. See s. v.
"Pragmatism."

PHILOSOPHY, OUR NEED OF. O. C VII, 3783-3786. Re-
published as a pamphlet

PHILOSOPHY, THE ASSOCIATION. O. C. VII, 3611-3612.
See s. V. "Association."

PHONOGRAPH, THE MECHANICAL MEMORY OF A.
O. C. II, 1032-1033. The analogy of memory with a phono-
graph, and of the soul with a composite photograph, quoting
largely from Mr. E. C. Hegeler and Mr. I. G. Vogt.

PITHECANTHROPUS. O. C. IX, 4404. Republished in Rise
of Man.

PLATO AND THE CROSS. Illustrated. O. C. XHI, 364-372.
Collected with other related articles. See s. v. "Cross."

PLEASURE AND PAIN. O. C. HI, 1987-1989. Republished in
S(>ul of Man.

POLITICS, PRESENT ISSUE IN OUR. O. C. X, 5047-5048.
Significance of the McKinley-Bryan campaign.

POLYCHROME BIBLE THE. O. C. V, 2877-2880. An ex-
tended review and explanation of the work, with one illustra-
tion.

i62 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

POPE'S ENCYCLICAL, THE. O. C V, 2877-2880. Comment-
ing upon the encyclical of Leo XIII in 1891 on **The Condi-
tion of Labor," this article acknowledges that it is a document
of remarkable wisdom, apparently dictated by paternal solicitude
and a love of truth and justice, but differs on the subject of
Christian charity and declares that the encyclical gives no
encouragement to progressive ideas.

POSITIVE SCIENCE VERSUS GNOSTICISM AND AGNOS-
TICISM. O. C. IV, 2120-2122; 2145-2147; 2189-2190. In an-
swer to the criticism of Paul R. Shipman and republished in
Fund Proh,

POSITIVISM, LITTRFS. Mon. II, 410-417. See s. v. "Lit-

tre's."

POSTAL SERVICE,. OUR. O. C. XVIII, 343-347. Relating
how the express companies interfere with the delivery of par-
cels sent by mail, and also how good literature is discriminated
against in the second-class mail department while many trivial
periodicals are encouraged.

POSTOFFICE, SUPREME COURT AND THE. O. C. XVIII,
348-350. See s, V, "Supreme Court."

POTENTIAL THINGS, ON. Mon. X, 288-293. Editorial reply
to Daniel Bright.

POWELL, MAJOR, THE CHIEF. O. C. XVI, 639-640, 716.
The first is an obituary notice with portrait, the second a brief
eulogy with special reference to the honorary doctor's degree
received from Heidelberg University.

PRAGMATISM. Monist XVIII, 321-362. This critique of the
prevalent popular philosophy as set forth by Professor James
is reprinted in pamphlet form, and discusses the pragmatist*s
conception of truth, the useful lie, truth compared to cash
value, the objective significance of truth, oneness and reason,
the mind and the universe, time and space, love of facts and
mysticism, misunderstood, the personal equation, the plasticity
of truth, Ptolemy and Copernicus, Euclid and Aristotle, ma-
terialism and spiritualism, religious problems, tychism, the en-
emies of pragmatism, the philosophy of tolerance.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 163

PRAGMATISM, A GERMAN CRITIC OF. Monist XIX, 13^
148. Extensive quotations in translation of a criticism of prag-
matism by Ludwig Stein of Berne.

PRAGMATISM, A POSTSCRIPT ON. Monist XIX, 85-94.
In comment on Professor James's review of Marcel Hebert's
book which treats of "Pragmatism and Its Various Anglo-
American Forms."

PRAGMATISM: PHILOSOPHY OF THE PERSONAL
EQUATION. MONIST XIX, 78-84. See s, v. "Philosophy.**

PRAJNAPARAMITA. O. C. XVI, 367-368. The history of
a statue in the Royal Museum of Leyden representing "the
Perfection of Wisdom." It is a specimen of ancient Buddhistic
art in Java and a reproduction is given in the frontispiece of
the number.

PRE-EXISTENCE AND IMMORTALITY. O. C VIII, 431S-
4317. A study of the nature of the soul in answer to Mr.
Louis Prang's objections.

PRESBYTERIAN, IN REPLY TO A. O. C. X, 5016-5021.
Replying to a criticism of Religion of Science, and republished
in the 3d ed. of that book.

PRIMITIVE MAN. Illustrated. 0. C. XX, 65-80. Republished
in Rise of Man,

PRO DOMO. O. C. XIX, 577-587. In comment on a criticism
of the author's position, in "The Expository Times." It is
maintained that a scientific conception of Christianity is the
necessary and historical product of religious evolution, and that
those who have not yet reached this goal are bound to come
to the same conclusion sooner or later.

PROGRESS. RELIGION OF. O. C. V, 2964-2965. Republished
in Homilies of Science.

PROGRESS, TEST OF. O. C. V, 2915-2917. See s. v, "Test."

PROMETHEUS AND THE FATE OF ZEUS. O. C. V, 2970-
2971. Republished in Homilies of Science.

PROTO-SEMITISM, THE RELIGION OF. O. C. XVIII, 421-
429. An account of Prof. Samuel Ives Curtiss* Primitive
Semitic Religion To-Day, and its enlarged German edition.

i64 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM AND RELIGION, THE. O. C

IV, 2341-2343. Republished in Soul of Man,

PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS. O. C. VII, 3712-3714- Repub-
lished in Prim, of Phil,

PSYCHOLOGY A DOMAIN OF ITS OWN. Mon. XIX, 387-
398. With special reference to Prof. Robertson's biochem-
ical interpretation of mental i)henomena; discusses the impor-
tance of psychology, the doctrine of parallelism, the nature of
memory as the preservation of living forms and as a soul-
builder.

PSYCHOLOGY, A STUDY IN ABNORMAL Monist XIX,
148-155. A review with extensive quotations from Dr. Mor-
ton Prince's The Dissociation of a Personality.

PSYCHOLOGY, THE OLD AND THE NEW. O. C. FV, 2412-

2413. Republished in Soul of Man.

PSYCHO-PHYSICS, SOME QUESTIONS OF. Mon. I, 401-
420; III, 298-299. A discussion of "Feelings and the Elements
of Feelings," republished in Fund. Prob.

QUALITY, SIGNIFICANCE OF. Monist XV, 375-385. Writ-
ten in reply to "Quality and Quantity," by M. Johannes Gros.
There is no quality in itself, nor is there any occult meaning
to the idea of quality. It is simply a question of form, and as
such its significance cannot be overrated.

QUEEN OF SHEBA ACCORDING TO THE TRADITION
OF AXUM. O. C. XIX, 31-34. Review of an Abyssinian
account of the Queen of Sheba and her visit to King Solomon.

RAILROAD ETHICS OF MR. H. D. JUDSON. O. C. X, 5025-
5030. See s. V. "Judson."

RAILROAD STRIKE, TRAVELING DURING A. O. C. VIII.

4140-4142. See s. V. "Traveling."

RAINBOWS AND BRIDGES. O. C IX, 4388-4389. Comments
on idealism.

RATIONALISM IN THE NURSERY. O. C. XIII, 98-iog.
Republished in Our Children.

RATZEUS HISTORY OF MANKIND. O. C. XII, ii8-iaa
An extensive review with illustration.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 165

REAL AND REALITY. O. C IV, 2316. A brief reply to a
criticism in Freethimght

REALITY, THE NATURE OF MIND AND THE MEANING
OF. Mon. II, 434-437. See s. v, "Mind."

REASON. O. C VII, 3688-3692. Republished in Primer of
Phil.

REASON WHY ABBE CHARBONNEL FAILED. O. C. XII,
300-305. He was a zealous advocate of a Religious Parliament
to be held at the Paris exposition in 1900.

REFLEX-MOTIONS, THREE PHASES OF. O. C. Ill, 2084-
2086. Republished in Soul of Mark

RELIGION A FEELING OF DEPENDENCE? IS. O. C. XIII,
363-365. A comment on Schleiermacher's definition of religion
with reference to Sasha Schneider's picture of this conception.

RELIGION AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. Ill, 2087. Repub-
lished in Horn, of Science,

RELIGION AND MORALS. O. C. II, 981-982. In answer to
Prof. Von Gizycki*s statement that theology and metaphysics
have nothing to do with morality.

RELIGION AND SCIENCE. O. C. I, 405-407; II, 1217. The
first article gives an exposition of the significance of the re-
ligion of science, claiming that the only true religion in its
application to real life is ethics. The second is a resume of
the Theophilus discussion in the second volume and consists
of definitions of the terms — ^truth, science, knowledge, religion,
morals, and ethics.

RELIGION AND SCIENCE, CONCILIATION OF. O. C. VI,
3285-3286. See s, V. "Conciliation."

RELIGION AND SCIENCE, SUPERSTITION IN. 0. C. II,
837-839. In answer to D. Theophilus.

RELIGION BASED UPON FACTS. O. C. Ill, 2104-2106. Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

RELIGION, DEFINITION OF. Mon. XIV, 766-770. In brief,
religion covers man's relation to the entirety of existence. The
characteristic feature of religion is conviction, and its content
a world-conception which serves for the regulation of conduct.

i66 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

RELIGION IN FAIRY TALES. O. C. XIII, 184-185. Repub-
lished in Eros and Psyche.

RELIGION INSEPARABLE FROM SCIENCE. O. C VII.
3560. We cannot dispense with a rational inquiry into truth in
our religion.

RELIGION OF ENLIGHTENMENT. O. C. XVII, 567-S68.
Republished in The Dharma,

RELIGION OF OUR ANCESTORS. Illustrated. O. C. XI,
177-285. Survivals in Christianity of the paganism of northern
Europe.

RELIGION OF PROGRESS, THE. O. C. V, 2964-2965. See
s. V, "Progress."

RELIGION OF RESIGNATION. O. C. Ill, 2051-2052. Repub-
lished in Horn, of Science,

RELIGION OF SCIENCE. O. C. VII. 3511-3S12; 3634-3647;
3640-3644; 3649-3652; 3658-3660; 3668-3669; 3672-3674. Re-
published in book form, except the first article, which sums up
the position of the Open Court on science, religion, truth, etc.,
the occasion being the change in the headline of the magazine
to "Devoted to the Religion of Science."

RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Mon. II, 600-606. Quotations from
and comments on Professor JodFs article discussing the philo-
sophical principles in the conflict in Germany between the
advocates of the incorporation of religious instruction in the
public schools, and the progressive educators.

RELIGION OF SCIENCE, CATHOLICITY OF THE. O. C.
V, 4793. In comment upon Canon Low's exposition of the
Trinity.

RELIGION OF SCIENCE, PROFESSOR ADOLF HARNACK
ON. Monist IV, 494-506. See s. v. "Harnack."

RELIGION OF SCIENCE, WITCHCRAFT AND THE. 0. C.
X, 4923-4926. Republished in Hist, of the Devil.

RELIGION, PROF. L. BUECHNER ON. O. C. II, 965-967. See
s. V. "Biichner."

RELIGION OF THE FUTURE. O. C. XII, 571. Hymn set to
music. Republished in Sacred Tunes.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 167

RELIGION, PROGRESS OF. O. C V, 2834. A comment on
the Briggs controversy written before the heresy trial.

RELIGION, PROSPECTS OR O. C IX, 4708-4709. The
future of mankind will not be an age of irreligion, but the
religion of the future will be based on science.

RELIGION, STATE CONFERENCES OF. O. C XIII, 313.
Brief note on the conference instituted by the churches of the
state of New York after the pattern of the Religious Parlia-
ment of 1893.

RELIGION, THE LOVE OF TRUTH AND THE APPLICA-
TION OF TRUTH. O. C VI, 3480-3484. After-dinner
speeches on problems of agnosticism delivered in London in
answer to agnostic friends, mainly W. Stewart Ross (Saladin)
and F. J. Gould.

RELIGION, UNIVERSAL AND SPECIAL. O. C X, 5012-
5013. Comments on Rev. Alfred Martin's "universal religion."
The position is taken that his work would be more efficient if
he ceased to denounce denominations which are working on
parallel lines simply because they do not sink their individuality
mto the pure abstraction of universal religion.

RELIGIONS OF CHINA. O. C. XVII, 622-624. See s, v.
"China."

RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT, EUROPEAN OPINIONS ON
THE SECOND. O. C. X, 4807-4810. A collection of letters
on the proposed Paris religious parliament in 1900.

RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT EXTENSION. O. C. IX, 4355-
4356. Report of the New Year's Reunion, 1895.

REUGIOUS PARLIAMENT EXTENSION, THE WORLD'S.
Mon. V, 345-353. A few words of encouragement for the
movement inaugurated at the New Year's meeting, 1895, in-
cluding messages of greeting from prominent participators of
the first Parliament.

RELIGIOUS PROBLEM, THE. O. C. IV, 2263-2264. Repub-
lished in Horn, of Science,

RELIGIOUS TRUTH POSSIBLE? IS. 0. C. VII, 3883-3884.
In answer to Mrs. Alice Bodington, an agnostic. The nature
of our religious ideal is as much predetermined as man's rea-

i68 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

son and the multiplication table; for religious truth is ulti-
mately founded in the immutable and eternal constitution of the
universe.

RENDER NOT EVIL FOR EVIL O. C. IV, 2123-2125. Re-
published in Horn, of Science,

REPRESENTATION WITHOUT TAXATION. O. C. .XVI,
183. Brief editorial note on the irresponsible voter who is not
a property-holder.

RESURGAM. O. C. X, 4906-4908. In answer to Mr. George M".
McCrie. The soul is form; man consists not of the material
particles of his body, but the strength of our days is labor and
sorrow; and if our labor is not in vain, it shall continue to be
effective after death.

RESURRECTION A HYPERHISTORICAL FACT. O. C.
XIX, 690-696. Explains what higher criticism has to say on
the subject. (Quotations from Holtzmann.) Theology no
longer insists as strongly as formerly on the bodily resurrec-
tion, but looks upon it more as the symbol of the truth of
immortality.

RESURRECTION AND IMMORTALITY, THE. ^ O. C. XXI,
198-201. A critical summary of the resurrection accounts.
With the change of our views concerning immortalit3r from
a belief in the revival of the body to a belief in the immor-
tality of the soul, we have grown more accustomed to consider
the account of Christ's resurrection as a legend in which the
current notion of life after death among the early Christians
found its typical embodiment.

RESURRECTION, CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF THK Mon-
ist XV, 115-119. In comment on the view of James Riggs,
D. D., pointing out divergent views of the risen Christ as
stated by St. Paul. Present theological authorities by no means
agree as to the character of the resurrection, and of the nature
of the risen Christ.

RESURRECTION, THE DOCTRINE OF THE. AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE IN THE NEW CHRISTIANITY. O. C.
IX, 4738. A comment on the views of the Rev. George J.
Low, and the Reverend Haweis, who wish the doctrine reinter-
preted.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 169

RESURRECTION, THE FESTIVAL OF. O. C IV, 2i79-2i8a
Republished in Horn, of Science,

RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. O. C. XXI, i-io. An ex-
position of the aims, methods and spirit of the work of The
Open Court after twenty years of existence. The following
heads are discussed: The Work of The Open Court, Science
the Reformer, Evolution, Fulfillment not Destruction, The Root
of Religion, God, The Duty of Inquiry, The Divinity of
Science, The Old Terms in a New Sense, The God of Truth,
No Substitute, Difference and Unity in Religion, The Future.

REVELATION. O. C. IV, 2277-2278. Republished in Homilies
of Science,

REVOLUTION? DO WE WANT A. O. C. (No. 166) IV,
2590-2591. Republished in Homilies of Science.

REVOLUTION, THE MODERN STATE BASED UPON.
O. C. VIII, 3970-3971. Republished in Nature of the State,

REVOLUTION, THE RIGHT TO. O. C VIII, 3961-3963. Re-
published in Nature of the State.

RIBOT ON DISEASES OF MEMORY. 0. C I, 344-348. A
resume of Ribot's Diseases of Memory.

RIBOT ON MEMORY. O. C. I, 264-267. See s. v. "Memory."

RIBOT ON WILL. 0. C. I, 455-458; 487-490. A resume of
Ribot's Diseases of the WUl

RIBOT'S PSYCHOLOGY. O. C. VII, 3661-3662. Notes in
comment on Mr. Edward Sokal's article.

RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE, THE KEY TO THE. Mon.
V, 408-411. A disquisition on Mr. Edward Douglas Fawcett's
philosophy. The key lies in a correct comprehension of the
nature of form.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE JESUITS. O. C.
XVI, 40-43* Comments on an article by M. Ladaveze dis-
cussing those characteristics of the Jesuits which distinguish
them from other Monastic orders. Although they seem to be
extremists in orthodox doctrine, there is frequently hostility
between the Jesuits and the Church and they were expelled
from France a few years ago. It is also true that the Jesuit

I70 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

order bears remarkable similarities to the Mussulman secret
societies.

ROMAN CHURCH, AMERICANISM IN THE. O. C XIII,
253-255. See s, V. "Americanism."

ROMANES, PROF. GEORGE JOHN. Obituary notice with
portrait. O. C. VIII, 4111-4112.

ROMANES, GEORGE JOHN: IN MEMORIAM. (With por-
trait.) Monist IV, 482.

ROMANES, G. J., AND MAX MUELLER, SCIENCE OF LAN-
GUAGE VERSUS THE SCIENCE OF UFE AS REPRE-
SENTED BY. Mon. II, 70-94. See s. v, "Evolution, Con-
tinuity of."

ROMANES' THOUGHTS ON RELIGION. Mon. V, 385-4001
Republished in Dawn of a New Era.

ROME AND SCIENCE. O. C IX, 4365-4366. Comments on
a speech by Archbishop Ireland.

ROSETTA STONE, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, S31-536.
The Rosetta stone, written in three languages, is the key by
the help of which the Egyptian alphabet was deciphered. The
three parts of the stone are here reproduced, and the names
Cleopatra and Ptolemy, which were used by Champollion, iden-
tified with hieroglyphs.

ROSETTA STONE, THE HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE
OF. O. C. XIX, 89-91. This article complements the preced-
ing by recapitulating the history of the rosetta stone, on the
authority of Professor E. A. Wallis Budge.

ROSMINrS PHILOSOPHY. O. C. VII, 3685-3688. Repub-
lished in Ethical Problem,

RUSSIAN ICONS. Illustrated. 0. C XVIII, 449-453. The
Reformation did not reach Russia, and so the reverence shown
to icons (images or pictures) is still one of the characteristic
features of the Russian Orthodox Church.

SALUTATORY. O. C. XI, 1-15. This article explains the prin-
ciples of the Open Court; the significance of science for re-
ligion; and the helplessness of agnosticism, the philosophy of
nescience. Several superstitions of modem liberalism are re-

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 171

pudiated. No awe should be attached to Energy (spelled with
a capital "E"), First Cause, the Infinite, etc. Most of the
unknowables of agnosticism are due to a mere confusion of
thought. Not what is unknown to us is of religious signifi-
cance, but everything that authoritatively determines human
conduct

SAMARITANS, THE. O. C. XXII, 488-491. Review of Dr.
James Alan Montgomery's book.

SAMPIETRO'S MOTHER. O. C. XIX, 7S^7S^' A folk-tale
parallel to the story of the spider-web in Karma.

SAMSON STORY, MYTHICAL ELEMENTS IN. Illustrated.
Monist XVII, 33-83. Republished in The Story of Samson.

SANTA CLAUS. O. C XIII, 4S-50. Republished in Our ChiU
dren,

SCHEFFLER, JOHANNES. See "Angelus Silesius."

SCHILLER, FRIEDRICH. Illustrated. O. C. XIX, 260-318.
Republished in Friedrich Schiller.

SCHILLER AS A PROPHET. O. C. XI, 214-220. Republished
in Friedrich Schiller.

SCHILLER THE DRAMATIST. Illustrated. O. C. 330-344;
407-419. Republished in Friedrich Schiller.

SCHOLAROMANIA. O. C. IX, 4335-4337. In reply to Pro-
fessor J. Estlin Carpenter's critique of the author's Gospel of
Buddha.

SCHOOL, ANTICIPATE THE. O. C. XIII, 747-757. Repub-
lished in Our Children.

SCHOPENHAUER, THE PROPHET OF PESSIMISM. O.C.
XI, 257-264. With autograph of the great pessimist, reproduc-
tion of bust by Elisabet Ney, and four photographs, together
with extracts from Schopenhauer, and an appreciative criticism
of his philosophy.

SCIENCE. O. C. VII, 3520-3521. Republished in Prim, of Phil

SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVELATION. O. C. VII, 3809-
3814; 4253-4254. Republished in pamphlet form.

SCIENCE AND ETHICS. O. C. IV, 2590-2592. Republished
in The Ethical Problem.

172 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

SCIENCE AND IMMORTAUTY. O. C V, 3022-3026. See
s. V, "Immortality."

SCIENCE AND RELIGION. O. C. IV, 2678. Comments on
Dr. Robert Lewins' article on the incongruity of science and
religion.

SCIENCE. GOD OF. Mon. XIV, 458-469. See s, v. "God, etc."

SEAL OF CHRIST, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIV, 229-245.
The oldest symbol of Christianity is not the cross, but the seal
of Christ, mentioned in the epistles of Paul, which are the
earliest writings of the New Testament. It is difficult to prove
definitely what it was, but very probably it was the simple
equilateral cross formed of two equal intersecting lines, instead
of the Roman cross of the crucifixion, by which later it was
naturally replaced. The article also contains considerable mis-
cellaneous material of great interest following the articles on
the Cross as an aftermath. Illustrations of many interesting
crosses from widely different sources are here collected and
explained.

SECULARISM, MR. G. J. HOLYOAKES. 0. C. X, 5092-5094.
See s. V. "Holyoake."

"SELF," MEANING OF. O. C VIII, 4240-4243. In answer to
Mr. George M. McCrie's article, "The Barriers of Personality."

SELF, PROF. F. MAX MUELLER'S THEORY OF THE. Mon.
VIII, 123-139. See s. V. "Miiller."

SELF-RESIGNATION, ADVANTAGES OF. O. C. X, 5115-
5 1 18. Both Christian and Buddhist ethics teach self-abnega-
tion, and the religion of science joins them in the spirit of
their teachings. He who is anxious to preserve his self in its
separateness will surely fail, for his present individuality will
be dissolved in death; but he whose aim is to be an incarna-
tion of truth is sure to succeed. He has attained immortality.
Napoleon, Omar Khayyam, Goethe, Newton, are used as in-
stances of different attitudes.

SENSATION AND MEMORY. O. C. II, I43I-I433. Repub-
lished in Fund. Prob,

SENSES, THE LIMITATIONS OF OUR. O. C IV, 2119 2120.
The fallacy of the agnostic's position is pointed out; for.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 173

though sensations are the basis of all knowledge, man's knowl-
edge is not limited to his own direct sensations.

SEVEN, THE SACRED NUMBER. Illustrated. O. C. XV,
335-340; 412-427. A compilation of the part which the number
seven played in Babylon, and among other nations. There are
the seven sages, the seven stories of the Ziggurat, the seven
planets, and the seven week days, the seven stars of the Pleia-
des. Among the Buddhists there are the seven gems, the seven
jewels of the law, etc. In Greece, as well as in China, there
are seven sages, there is the seven-armed candlestick of the
Jews, the seven gifts of the spirit among the Christians, etc.

SEXUAL ETHICS. O. C. IV, 2675-2676. Republished in Horn,
of Science.

SHAKESPEARE, THE ORIGINAL OF THE DROESHOUT.
O. C. XX, 572-573. An oil painting (reproduced for frontis-
piece) has been brought to light, which may be the original
from which the famous Droeshout engraving was made.

SHAKESPEARE? WHO WROTE. Illustrated. O. C. XVUI,
65-106. Without making original independent research, the
author thinks the evidence which has been collected goes to
prove that the William Shakespeare who wrote the poems is
not the William Shaksper of the documents, the owner of New
Place. He also considers the identification of the poet with
Lord Bacon as fantastical and without support

SHAKU, SOYEN, AT KAMAKURA. With illustration. O. C.
XXI, 123.

SIGNETS, BADGES AND MEDALS. Fully illustrated. O. C.
XIV, 284-300. At first, Christianity was but one religion among
several that had been imported from the Orient. Therefore, it
is not surprising to find Christian graves in the catacombs
adorned with symbols that were later to be spurned as pagan.
The illustrations show many Christian gems, seals, medals and
decorations from the catacombs that bear a miscellaneous as-
sortment of symbols — swastika, chrisma, solar disk, phenix, Ish-
thys, as well as Roman and maltese crosses.

SIGNIFICANCE OF NAMING THINGS IN THE NUR-
SERY. O. C. XIII, 6G^^2. See *. v. "Naming."

174 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

SILOAM INSCRIPTION, THE. O. C XVII, 662-665. The
stone records the completion of the water tunnel built for the
purpose of supplying Jerusalem with water. It is reproduced
here and translated with philological and historical explana-
tions.

SIMIANS, RECENT PHOTOGRAPHS OF. Illustrated. O. C.
XXI, 169-175. Republished in Rise of Man,

SIN AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST, THE. O. C. Ill, 1904-
1905. Republished in Fund. Prob.

SIXTH SENSE, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 591-596. The
faculty of prophetic vision was supposed to accompany a per-
son who was born with six fingers or six toes. For this rea-
son, Pope Sixtus IV is represented with six fingers in the
"Sistine Madonna," and St. Joseph is furnished with six toes
in Raphael's famous "Marriage of the Virgin." The article
is illustrated by these famous pictures and their details.

SKELETON AS A REPRESENTATION OF DEATH AND
THE DEAD. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 620-633. See j. v.
"Death.''

SMITH, GOLDWIN, ON MORALITY AND RELIGION. O.
C. V, 2765-2708. See s, v. "Morality, etc."

SMITH, OLIVER H. P., A COMPOSER IN THE PULPIT.
O. C. XII, 698-699.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS. O. C. II, 822. K brief note on two
articles on economic subjects, in behalf of taxation on real
estate and luxuries in preference to an income tax.

SOCIALISM AND ANARCHISM. O. C. V, 2856-2857. Re-
published in Horn, of Science,

SOCRATES, A FORERUNNER OF CHRISTIANITY. Illus-
trated. O. C XXI, 523-527. Some features of his soul were
incorporated into the history of the life of Jesus, where they
helped to build up that great ideal of a new era, the figure of
Christ, which is still exerting its power upon the present age.

SOLSTITIAL TEMPLES ACCORDING TO LOCKYER. Illus-
trated. O. C. XX, 243-248. Extensive quotations from The
Dawn of Astronomy, in comment on Larkin's "Waning of the
Light of Egypt"

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 175

f =S

SOUL AN ENERGY? IS THR O. C IX, 4362-4365. Reply
to Mr. C. H. Reeve's article, "The Soul an Energy."

SOUL AND GOD, THE UNMATERIALITY OF. Mon. VIII,
415-445- In reply to the Hon. Chas. H. Giase. Republished in
God,

SOUL AND THE ALL, THE. O. C. IX, 4353-4354- In answer
to Mr. Geo. M. McCrie's "Imaginary Experiment," in which
Mr. McCrie follows Dr. Lewins and his solipsism.

SOUL HUMAN. O. C. Ill, 2003-2004. Republished in Homilies
of Science.

SOUL IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION. Monist XVI, 219-253.
This article is a continuance of the criticism of Fechner's view
of the soul, but applied to movements of the present time, such
as the Society of Psychical Research and man's anxiety to
prove the spirituality and immortality of the soul. St. Paul's
view of the spiritual body is discussed and, though pre-scientific
conceptions of the soul are rejected, it is insisted that they are
oj if they were true. See also "Fechner's View of Life After
Death."

SOUL, LIFE AND THE. Mon. XVIII, 192-216. See s, v.
"Life."

SOUL-LIFE AND THE PRESERVATION OF FORM. O. C.
IV, 2285-2286. Republished in Soul of Man.

SOUL-LIFE, CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL. O. C III,
1938- 1941. Republished in Soul of Man.

SOUL-LIFE, COMMUNISM OF. O. C. IV, 2398-2399. Re-
published in Soul of Man.

SOUL-LIFE, NATURE OF. Illustrated. O. C III, 1926-1929.
Republished in Soul of Man.

SOUL-LIFE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Illustrated. O. C.
III. 1914-1917. Republished in Soul of Man.

SOUL OF MAN, SOME REVIEWS OF. ,0. C. V, 2777. Com-
ments on reviews in The Week, Independent, Christian Union
and Reform Advocate.

SOUL OF THE UNIVERSE. O. C. Ill, 2071-2074. Repub-
lished in Soul of Man.

176 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

SOUL, UNITY OF THE. O. C. V, 2883-2884. Republished in
Homilies of Science.

SPACE AND TIME. O. C III, 1600-1602. Criticising Kant's
definition of space and time as ideal forms of the thinking
subject on the ground that Kant confuses the words ''ideal*'
and "subjective." Though space and time may be considered
ideal in so far as they are abstract conceptions, yet space is
a real property of objects.

SPACE OF FOUR DIMENSIONS. Monist XVIII, 471-475.
Though tri-dimensional space cannot be represented in two-
dimensional space, it can be indicated as is done when a cube
is drawn on paper. By analogy the author constructs, with the
aid of mirrors, a corresponding indication of four-dimensional
space in our three-dimensional space. Republished in Founda-
tions of Mathematics.

SPACE, PROBLEM OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF.
O. C. VII, 3721-3724. Republished in Primer of Philosophy.

SPACIAL SENSE, THE. O. C. IV, 2697. The origin of the
spacial sense was formerly interpreted as caused by the con-
vergence of the two lines of vision, which is disproved by the
experience of one-eyed persons. The simplest explanation is
to regard it as an automatically operating interpretation of
motion-experiences.

SPANISH WAR, A FEW SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING.
O. C. XII, 436-438. In the future we should be better prepared
for the emergencies of war — ^both in equipment and diplomapy.

SPENCER^ HERBERT. With portrait. O. C. XVIII, 1-2. A
characterization of the classical exponent of agnosticism written
on the occasion of his death.

SPENCER, HERBERT, ON THE ETHICS OF KANT. O. C.
II, 1155-1160; 1165-1169; Mon. II, 512-526. Republished in Kant
and spencer.

SPENCER'S HEDONISM AND KANT'S ETHICS OF DUTY.
Monist XVIII, 306-315. Kant's position is supported and ex-
plained for those who have the quite general impression that
Kant is weak in his ethical position and that Spencer's hedon-
ism is on firm ground. The author is convinced that, though
the principles of hedonistic ethics are favored by a large num-

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 177

ber of broad-minded and serious men, its errors exercise a
baneful influence upon the rising generation.

SPENCERIAN AGNOSTICISM. O. C. V, 2951-2957. Mostly
incorporated in Kant and Spencer.

SPINAL CORD AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA. Illustrated.
O. C. IV, 2239-2243. Republished in Soul of Man. Also re-
printed in Psych, of the Nervous System,

SPINNING DAMSEU THE. Illustration. 0. C. XVIII, 568-
569. A reproduction and description of a bas-relief discovered
by M. J. DeMorgan at Susa, which is a beautiful specimen
of Oriental art of ancient Persia.

SPINOZA, BENEDICTUS DE. O. C. XX, 439- English and
Dutch versions of Latin lines found under what is almost a
contemporary engraving of a portrait of Spinoza. A reproduc-
tion of the engraving forms the frontispiece of The Open
Court, and also of Spinoza's Short Treatise, where the lines
are also republished in the three languages.

SPIRIT OR GHOST. Mon. XII, 365. The existence of spirit
is accepted, but a belief in ghosts is disclaimed.

SPIRITISM AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. II, 1360-1362. Re-
published in Horn, of Science.

STAGE, A REFORMED. O. C. XXII, 617-619. The desira-
bility of an endowed theater which would have no excuse to
pander to a vulgar taste on the ground that lower class enter-
tainment pays better than higher class.

STATE A PRODUCT OF NATURAL GROWTH. O. C. VIII,
3944-3948, 3952-3955- Republished in Nature of the State.

STATE, AUTHORITY OF, AND THE RIGHT TO REV-
OLUTION. O. C. VIII, 3961-3963. Republished in Nature of
the State.

STATE BASED UPON REVOLUTION, THE MODERN.
O. C. VIII, 3970-3971. See s. v. "Revolution."

STATE EXIST? DOES THE. 0. C. VI, 3449-3451. Repub-
lished in Nature of the State.

STAUROLATRY. Illustrated. O. C XIII, 546-558. Discussing
the history of cross-worship.

178 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

STILL SMALL VOICE, THE. Mon. XIV, 194-206. Repub-
lished in pamphlet form.

STONE WORSHIP. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 45-52, 661-686.
Stone worship is a very ancient form of religion, of which
traces are found in all nations, including the patriarchal age,
recorded in the Bible. The present article mentions the stone
worship of the Phoenicians, and compares the Phoenician Batyl
to the Hebrew Bethel. Such Bethels or holy stones are found
on many ancient coins or medals, many of which are here
reproduced. Jacob's dream serves as an illustration of the
religious spirit of these pagan views. Joshua erected a circle
of stones. The Egyptian obelisks correspond to the pillars
of the Solomonic temple. Babylonian kudurrus, Judean maz-
zebas, the English Stonehenge, and other stone monuments in
various parts of the globe are treated successively.

STONE WORSHIP, COMMENTS ON: AN AFTERMATH.
O. C. XX, 289-294. Additional comments on the Caaba, the
stone pillar called Lot's wife, and the modern ceremony of
the so-called Ancient Order of Druids, accompanied by illus-
trations.

STONE'S FALL, THE. O. C. II, 1256. A brief explanation,
written in reply to an article, "Causes and Natural Laws.'*
Incorporated in Fund. Prob.

STRAIGHT LINE, CONSTRUCTION OF THE. Mon. XIX,
402-407. In comment on Mr. Francis C. Russell's article, "A
Modern Zeno," both as regards his criticism of Lobatchevsky's
parallel axiom, and his construction of the straight line, which,
though claiming to utilize only the compasses, nevertheless pre-
supposes the existence of many straight lines, as will be
seen at a glance from the illustrative diagram.

STRIKE OF THE HORSES. O. C VIII, 4275-4277, A fable
is used to illustrate economical principles. Let everyone fight
for his rights by all legitimate means, but it should be under-
stood that under normal conditions the prosperity of one
contributes to the prosperity of all.

STRUGGLE IN THE FAR EAST. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII,
710-722. The Russo-Japanese war is held to have been in-
evitable. Fifteen photographs illustrate the battle of Shou
Shan Pao.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 179

SUGGESTIBILITY OF CROWDS, THE. O. C. IV, 2197-
2200. Republished in Soul of Man.

SUGGESTION AND SUGGESTIBILITY. Illustrated. O. C.
Ill, 2032-2056. Republished in Soul of Man,

SUICIDE BE JUSTIFIED, CAN? O. C. V, 2911-2913. In
this article are summed up the opinions of a number of promi-
nent men, clergymen and others, on the subject of suicide,
following upon a statement of Dr. Felix Adler, that, at least,
in certain cases of incurable disease, suicide may be justifi-
able. The editorial position also is that we have no right
to sit in judgment on the man who takes his own life; that
suicide should be discouraged, but that the arguments of its
severe judges is neither humane, nor Christian, nor religious,
nor Biblical.

SUPERSCIENTIFIC AND PURE REASON. O. C. IV, 2509-
2511. Republished in Fund. Prob.

SUPERSTITION IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. O. C. II,
S37-839. See s. V. "Religion."

SUPREME COURT AND THE POST OFFICE. O. C. XVIII,
348-350. With regard to the adverse decision about the reduced
book rate in 1904.

SYMBOLS, THE PERSISTENCE OF. Illustrated. O. C.
XXII, 391-397- As instanced by the double eagle and the
staff of Hermes. The former may be traced to an ancient
Phrygian monument at Boghaz-Koi; and the latter is much
older than Greek mythology, and doubtless consisted originally
of a solar disk surmounted by a crescent.

TAOISM. O. C. X, 5155-5157. Incorporated in the Introduc-
tion of Lao Tze*s Tao-Teh-King.

TAOISM AND BUDDHISM. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 654-667.
Republished in Chinese Life and Customs.

TAXATION OF CAPITAL DISCOURAGES THRIFT. O. C.
XVI, 182-183. On the principle that the taxation of a com-
modity reduces the production of the object more than the
returns of the tax. The income tax and single tax theories
are discussed.

i8o PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

TEST OF PROGRESS. O. C. V, 2915-2917. Republished in
Horn, of Set.

THANKSGIVING-DAY. O. C. Ill, 19SS. Republished in Horn.
of Sci. In The Open Court it is credited to C P. Geoffrey,

a pseudonym.

THANKSGIVING DAY. O. C. XVI, 689-69a A few words

in defense of taking life to sustain life.

THEOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. Mon. XII, 544-567; XIII, 24-
37. Republished in God,

THEOLOGY, MODERN: AN EXPLANATION AND JUS-
TIFICATION. O. C. XXI, 684-687. In comment on Mr.
H. F. Bell's "Criticism of Modem Theology." Modem The-
ology is in a state of transition, but its course of development
is rapid enough and should not be unduly hastened.

THEOLOGY, PROBLEMS OF MODERN. O. C. XXII, 234-
246. The article discusses the following topics: "Religion
based upon eternal truth, not on historical facts;" "A sum-
mary of higher criticism;" "Christianity a child of paganism;"
"Diverse attitudes;" "Other possibiHties" (if Christianity had
not become the world religion some other religion, such as
Mithraism, Manicheeism, etc, would have assumed that place
and would not have been very different); and "The dispersion
of the Jews." Here for the first time the theory is proposed
that the Jews have not scattered more than other nations,
but the peculiar phenomenon of the dispersion is produced
by their preservation; while other nations are assimilated, Jews
remain Jews, and this is due to their religion, which has been
a monotheistic religion since the days of the Babylonian exile.

THEOLOGY, TENDENCIES OF MODERN. O. C. XXII,
407-411. In comment on Mr. Bell's "Vital Theology" and Mr.
Kampmeier's "Importance of the God-Ideal," both of whom
agree in proposing to find the only true ideal of religion in
God himself, offering this as the substance of a universal creed
in which all could agree. Here the view is held that, though
the churches may g^row to agree in their belief as to the main
facts, they will not become uniform in their religious insti-
tutions, since different temperaments need different expression.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. i8i

— — — ^ "^

The present tendency to a reaction against religious myths
will grow into tolerance when their spirit is understood after
the letter is discarded.

THEOPHANIES. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 705-712. Republished
in Story of Samson.

THIBET, THE FIRST CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN.
Illustrated. O. C. XII, 418-435. See s. v. "Christian."

THINGS-IN-THEMSELVES, ARE THERE? Mon. II, 225-
265. Republished in Surd of Metaphysics.

THIRD COMMANDMENT, THE. O. C. XVIII, 502-503. The
current interpretation of taking the name of the Lord in vain
as meaning profanity or blasphemy is not generally agreed upon
by scholars as correct. "In vain*' probably should read "with-
out offering a sacrifice."

THOMSON, WILLIAM, LORD KELVIN. Obituary note.
Mon. XVIII, 151-152.

THOUGHT-CONCEPTION, C. S. WAKE ON. O. C. VII,
3964. Brief notes on an article about the origin of language
and reason.

THOUGHT— FORMS, THE ORIGIN OF, Mon. Ill, 120.
Suggested by an article of Dr. H. Potonie, in which the state-
ment is made that all forms of thought, as well as organisms,
have originated in the struggle for life. The following topics
are treated: Thought-forms and the forms of existence, the
problem of apriority, conservation of matter and energy, causa-
tion, the meaning of "necessity," and modern logic

THOUGHT, NATURE OF. O. C. Ill, 2009-2012. Republished
in Soul of Man,

THREE CHARACTERISTICS. O. C. XIX, 563-567. A Bud-
dhist formula, versified and set to the music of the Andante
of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony. The prose formula is re-
published in The Dharma.

TIDINGS OF JOY. O. C. IV, 2643. Buddhism and Christi-
anity celebrate the birth of a Saviour; both are religions of
resignation. Wherever a religion of self-denial has been
preached, it has been a gospel of cheer. The religion of sci-

i82 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

ence, while demanding self-denial, does not preach asceticism,
but, if their hearts are ready to receive the gospel, a religion of
joy to rich and poor alike.

TIELE ON BABYLONIAN MYTHS. O. C. XV, 436-437-
Professor Tiele's opinion is quoted from his Babyl. Assyr.
Geschichte.

TOLSTOY, A TRIBUTE TO COUNT. O. C XXII, 701-702,
In honor of his 8oth birthday. A recent portrait, with Tolstoy's
signature, furnishes the frontispiece.

TOOL, THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE. O. C. VII, 3735-3741.
Republished as one of the Philosophical Pamphlets.

TRAGEDY AND THE PROBLEM OF LIFE. O. C. II,
1120-1122. Republished in Fund. Prob.

TRAGEDY OF A LONELY THINKER. O. C. XXII, 744-74?.
A discussion of the class represented by Dr. Charles de Medici,
who, though a fine type of man, wasted his life in the pursuit
of an ignis fatuus and died in poverty, of a broken heart.
Though equipped with considerable mathematical knowledge, he
was convinced that he had squared the circle. The tragic ele-
ment comes in when we consider that a small fault, situated,
however, at the core of a man's soul in his false estimate of
his own capabilities, leads him along the path to certain failure.

TRAVELING DURING A RAILROAD STRIKE. O. C. VHI,
4140-4142. Description of the author's experience in trying
to make a hundred-mile journey; including a report of the
public opinion expressed by his fellow passengers. The ulti-
mate basis of all established law is the common will of the
people. If labor unions represent the common will, they can
dictate the law. We love progress, but should beware of a
side-switch which endangers liberty.

TREASON AND REFORM. O. C. VIII, 3971-3972. Repub-
lished in Nature of the State.

TRINITY, THE. O. C. XVI, 612-613. A brief summary of
the prevalence of the Trinity-conception in all ages and climes;
its persistence down to the present is not surprising, because
of the conservatism belonging to religious matters, and also
because of the natural foundation which it finds in the facts
of life.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 183

TRINITY, DOGMA OF THE. O. C X, 4771-4773- The He-
brew word for spirit is feminine, and among the Semites, the
Holy Ghost was conceived as feminine rather than neuter.
It became neuter among Greek Christians, whose word pneuma
is of the neuter gender.

TRINITY IDEA. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 85-98. There are many
different Trinity concepts, both philosophical and religious;
the Hegelian, the Brahman, the Buddhist, and some Christian
conceptions, including mariolatry, are treated here.

TRUMBULL, GEN. M. M., IN MEMORY OF. O. C VIII,
4145-4147. Quotations from many letters of personal tribute
from friends at home and abroad.

TRUTH. O. C. VII, 3596-3597. Republished in Primer of Phil.

TRUTH, LIVING THE. O. C. IV (No. 167), 2589-2590. See
s. V. "Living."

TRUTH, UNITY OF. O. C IV, 2501-2502. Republished in
Horn, of Set,

TYCHISM, THE FOUNDER OF. Mon. Ill, 571-622. See s. v,
"Peirce."

TYPE, AFTER THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE. O. C. VI,
3234-3236. Republished in Twelve Tales.

UNIVERSAL, THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE. O. C. V, 3051-
3052. A criticism of Dr. R. N. Foster's "Universal and Par-
ticular."

UNIVERSE MORAL? IS THE. O. C. Ill, 2050-2051. Reply
to Mr. Francis Ellingwood Abbot

UNKNOWABLE, THE. O. C. I, 667-669. Partly incorporated
in Fund. Prob.

VEGETARIANISM. O. C. XII, 565-570. It is more important
how we eat than what we eat, but on the whole a mixed diet
is best. The sentimental objection to eating meat, if carried to
a consistent conclusion, would make all food disgusting, and the
use of brushes made of bristles a sin. Even Buddha did not
condemn meat-eating, and Christ said, "Not that which goeth
into the mouth defileth a man.''

i84 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

VENUS OF MILO, THE. Illustrated. O. C XXIII, 257-262.
Since art books fail to give any explanation of the history of
this famous statue, the author here briefly recapitulates the prob-
able course of events as taught by the simple facts of the statue
itself, its workmanship, its mutilated condition and the place of
its discovery.

VERA ICON, KING ABGAR AND ST. VERONICA, THE.
Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 663.

VICARIOUS ATONEMENT, THE. O. C. Ill, 1502. Brief com-
ment on Mr. Wm. R. Thayer's "Aspects, Christian and Human."

VIOLIN MUSIC, A NEW SYSTEM OF NOTATION FOR.
O. C, 584-591. A suggestion for a system more in accordance
with the construction of the violin than the usual notation,
which was formed for the piano.

VITALISM AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. O. C
III, 2047-2049. Republished in Soul of M:in.

VOCATION, THE. O. C III, 2027-2028. Republished in Hom-
ilies of Science.

WAGNER, RICHARD. O. C. Ill, 1850-1854. An account of tbe
life, work and philosophy of the great composer

WAKE, C. S., ON THOUGHT-CONCEPTION. O. C VII,

3694. See s. V. "Thought-Conception."

WATER OF LIFE. With illustration. O. C. XVII, 112-114.
A piece of Chinese sculpture, whose interpretation is a parallel
to the story of Christ and the woman of Samaria.

WHENCE AND WHITHER. O. C. XVI, 74-85. In reply to
critics. Republished in Whence and Whither.

WIDOWS TWO MITES, THE. O. C. XVII, 352-36a The

gospel story and its Buddhist parallel

WILL, TH. RIBOT ON. O. C. I, 455-458; 487-490. A r6sum^
of Ribot's Diseases of the Will,

WITCH PROSECUTION. O. C. X, 4892-4894. Republished in
Hist, of the Devil.

WITCH PROSECUTION, ABOLITION OF. O. C. X, 4946-
4949. Republished in Hist, of the Devil.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 185

WITCH PROSECUTION AFTER THE REFORMATION.
O. C. X, 4941-4942. Republished in Hist of the Devil.

WITCHCRAFT AND MIRACLES. O. C. X, 4955-4957- Re-
published in Hist, of the Devil

WITCHCRAFT AND THE REUGION OF SCIENCE. O. C.
X, 4923-4926. Republished in Hist of the Devil

WITCHCRAFT, BELIEF IN. O. C X, 4883-4885. Republished
in Hist, of the Devil

WOMAN, EMANCIPATION OF. O. C. V, 2747-274!^. Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE. 0. C. VII, 3822. Some advantages
there would be if the privileges of the ballot were extended to
women.

WORDS AND THEIR MEANING. O. C. VIII, 4234-4238. A
reply to Mr. Ellis Thurtell, who takes exception to the author's
including himself in the phrase "We Christians." The article
also includes a definition of agnosticism. See also "Names."

WORLD-RENUNCIATION, A MODERN INSTANCE OF. Il-
lustrated. XIII, 111-117. Exemplified in the Countess M. deS.
Canavarro.

WU TAO TZE'S NIRVANA PICTURE. O. C. XVI, 163-166.
Republished to accompany the picture.

YAHVEH AND MANITOU. Mon. IX, 382-415. A comparison
of Yahveh, the god of the Semites, to Manitou, the god of the
American Indians. The parallels to the god of nature are in-
teresting and prove that both represent a typical phase in the de-
velopment of worship. The Rechabites, and later on the Nazirees,
clung to the original conception of Manitou longer than the
mass of the people. They hesitated to use for religious serv-
ices, hewn altars, anything touched by human hands, and even
objected to making fire with flint or stone. They clung to the
fire sticks, let their hair grow, abstained from wine (as an
artificial product not because it was intoxicating), and lived in
tents, not in houses. The American Indians had similar no-
tions and objected, for instance, to the use of the plow, looking

i86 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE.

upon the white man's civilization as irreligious on account of
its constant interference with nature.

YAHVEH, AN IMAGE OF. O. C XXIII, 189-190. A brief
note on a previous frontispiece accompanying Professor W. Max
Miiller's article, "The Semitic God of Tahpanhes."

YAHVEH, THE ORACLE OF; URIM AND THUMMIM; THE
EPHOD AND THE BREASTPLATE OF JUDGMENT. Mon.
XVII, 365-388. The ancient Hebrew oracle of the Urim and
Thummim was not used after the time of Solomon, but was
regarded with great awe even by the iconoclastic reformers of
the post-Exilic period. The nature of the Urim and Thummim
was forgotten, and we may assume that the descriptions of it
in the Priestly code are no longer reliable. We have to fall
back on the historical writings where the oracle is mentioned
in order to form a correct idea of it. In the present article, the
breastplate of judgment is referred to the Babylonian tablet of
destiny and to Enmeduranki's tablet of the mysteries of heaven
and earth. The Urim and Thummim, the instruments by which
lots were drawn, are compared to the Chinese system of div-
ination, the Yang and Yin, and attention is drawn to the fact
that the Chinese, too, have a tablet of Fuh-Hi containing the
mysteries of heaven and earth. Incidentally, the ephod is de-
scribed as a pouch which is carried under the breastplate and
contained the Urim and Thummim.

YELLOW PERIL, THE. O. C. XVIII, 430-433- Republished
for the most part in Chinese Thought.

YIN CHIH WEN, A RELIGIOUS TRACT OF CATHAY.
O. C. XX, 259-265. Republished in book form.

YOUTH, THE PRICE OF ETERNAL. 0. C. I979-I98a Re-
published in Homilies of Science,

YULE-TIDE AND CHRISTMAS. 0. C. II, 1367.

ZERO IN MATHEMATICS, FUNCTION OF. O. C. 11, 1146-
1147. Analogy of zero in mathematics to nothingness in logic.

ZODIACS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. Fully illustrated.
O. C. XX, 458-483. Republished in Chinese Thought.

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 187

ZOROASTER'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHRISTIANITY. Il-
lustrated. O. C. XIX, 409-417. The influence exercised by
Mazdaism on Christianity is still seen in the tradition of the
Magi, who come from the East to greet the new-born Saviour.
Cyrus, who was called by Isaiah, the Messiah of Yahveh, was
friendly to the cause of the Jews and influenced their religion.
The holy fire for incense was kept up in the temple at Jerusalem
at his command, and it continues to-day in the Christian
churches as the eternal lamp.

ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION AND THE BIBLE. O. C. XX,
434-435- Importance of the knowledge of Persian religion to
ministers of Christianity.

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hered to the same ideal of working out a religious reformation
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progress based upon the most radical thought and fearless in-
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AavwM . J ^•'^ York : Baker and Taylor.

A»«HTB. ^ London; Kegan Paul, Trfibner, Trench A Co., Ltd.

INDEX

Abte Effcndi, 98.

Abbott» David P., 153.

Abbott* Lyman, 111.

Aberration, religion an, $$.

Abidharma, the» 68, 93.

Abnormal, psychology, 164.

Abolition, of witch persecution, 184.

Abortive, philosophiea^ 2a.

Absolute, the, 93; zero of feeling, 14.

Abstract, ideas, 93, 176.

Abstraction, 93.

Abyssinian, Queen of Sheba, 164.

Accad, 93. (See Akkadians.)

Accuracy, scientific, 23.

Achillea, spear cures its own wounds^

143.

Acropolis, the, 93.

Activity, pure, 41; loctUzation of,

143-
Actuality, 5.

Actualization of justice, 140.

Acvaghosha, the great Buddhist phil-
osopher, 76,

Adler, Dr. Felix, on justifiable sui-
cide, 179.

Administrative Nihilism, Huxley's,
quoted, 134.

Aftermath, an, stone worship, 178.

Age of science, the advent of, 9.

Agnosticism, refuted, x; fallacies of,
33; Spencer's, 34, 177; Dr. Cams
opposed to, 52; satire on, 92; R. G.
IngersoU on, 93; summaries of ar-
ticles on, 93-94; journal of, 133;
and monism, 150, 185; speeches on,
167; salutatory, 170.

Ahriman, the Persian satan, 145.

Aim, of author, i, a8; of life, man's

divinity, 49.
Ainus, the, inhabitants of Yezo, 94.
Akkadians, the. Trinity-idea of, 153.
Aladdin's lamp, childhood's romance,

95.
Alesamenos, and "the spottcrudfix,"

97.

Aliens wanted, 95.

Alliance, Haeckel's theses for a mon-
istic, 131.

Allegory, "Nothing lost but dross,"
117.

Allegiance of clergy to dogma, no.

All, the, constitution of, 20; re-
flected in art, 27; soul of, 87, 175
(see also De Rerum Naturd),

Alpha and Omega, the, 95.

Alphabet, the £g3rptian, 170.

Alpine lake, an, clearness of thought
and, 33.

Altgelt, (jOv., of Illinois, 95.

Ambrose, St., 154.

American, the, board of missions, 82;
ideal, 95; Indian Manitou-Yahveh,
185; railway union, 1x6.

Americanism, in the Roman church,
95; and imperialism, xai.

AMITABHA.* 76.

Amitabha, outlined, 95.

Amraphel, 131.

Anabolism, 17.

Analogy, of the surd to the irra-
tional, 35; theology to astrology, 56;
memory to the phonograph, 161;
constructing space by, 176; of zero

* Titles of books by Dr, Paul Carus are printed in small caps,

189

igo

INDEX

Ananda Mctteja, 96; Maitrcjap M3,

144-
Anardaaia, Clncaco, 95*96.
Aaarduam, 96; mi hliiM and, 174.

135-
Aaceators, w o ti hi p o^ iii; relicioii

m ottt, i66.
Aadest, dcril-belieli^ 57; Greece.

demonology of, 115.
Angel of Angsborg, 96.
ANGELUS SILESIUS, 6$.
Angelas Si]eshis» mysticism and, 96,

to2t 1 5 J- (Johannes SchcBci .)
Animals, God<onoeiKioo» and sool-

Hie among, 97. I7S-
Annrxation, ff6.
Antrim, SL. 108.
Anschantmg, 9^ i6o>
Anthropogencsis^ moral proUems o^

49; of the Igorot, 13$.
Anthropogeny, Haeckd's^ 131.
Anthropoid apes, 96.
Anti-riTisection, immorality of, 96.
Antiqtiitx, the deril in, 57.
Ants, religion of, 97.
Antshis, 97.

"Anjmess" in mathematics, 41.
Apes, 49.

Apocalyptic litera t ur e , w >>>• ^56'
Apocrypha, 97, 118.
Apollonins of Tyana, ia6.
Apttkitts, 89.
A priori, the, 41; and heredity, 133.

^■ ri or ity, problem of, x8i. (See
'^Vgbt'fovms.)

*»nr» 150.
1^97.

cratonanla, 97.
fHutam, 116.

103;

114;

63:

III.

137.
Amd^ laflL

Art, philoaophy o^ jy;
65; offien^]^73;
■antic, 97;

105. iss;

religioas, 133;

138; a nr if lit xViiian, X77*
Artides, editorid, Min— ai i » o^ 913-

187.

«5$-

137;
160.
St.

and dances of deadi, 114.
Arts, congress of. at St
Aryan deities, 138^
Ascent of man, 97.
Asceticism, 133, x8i.
Asfarajit's stanaa, 97.
Aspects, snhJectiTe and olvectrre, 14-

15; Christian and homan, 184.
A^irations, onirersa], harmony o^

X32.
Assimilation, 17.

Association philosophy, the, 9^ x6i.
Assyrian poems, 98, 136.
Astray, Christianity, how far, X08.
Astrology, and theology, 56.
Astronomy, and theonomy, 56.
Atheism, (Sod of, 137.
Atheist, an, "who lores (kHt," SS-
Atman, the, 103.
Atmosphere, intellectval, 9.
Atoms, sonlx theory of, 14a.
Atonement, Ticarious, 184.
Attention, 38.
Attitude, of mind, 2$,
Auctioneer, 36.
Augustine, St., 64.

INDEX

191

Authority, state, 177.

Biedermann, Edward, 73, 89.

Augustus, as a saviour.

107.

Bigelow, Poultney, 160.

Autobiography, spiritual.

88.

Billia, Prof. L. M., 44* 45-

Author's aim, aS.

Biochemical mental processes, 164.

Avatars, the, 98.

Biology, of consciottsness, 16.

Awareness, 15-16.

Birthday, Prof. Ernst Mach's 70th,

Awe, religious, no.

144; Count Tolstoy's 80th, i8a;

Axiom, the, 31, 41, 98.

pagan saviours' and Christ's, 154.

Axum, 164.

Blasphemy, misinterpreted, x8i.
Blessed is "he who trusts in the

Babel and Bibh, 131.

truth," 54-

Babism, 98.

Bliss, of a noble life, xoo.

Babylon, healing by conjuration in

Bluntness, 143.

ancient, 59, 98; Babylonian

exile.

Bodhisattva, the, loi.

180.

Bodington, Mrs. Alice, lu, 167.

Bacon-Shakespeare, 173.

Body, the resurrection of, i68.

Bad "—for me, but worse for

him,"

Boer war, xia.

99.

Boltzmann, L., xoo.

Badges, pagan-Christian,

173.

Bolyai, 4x.

Banking, 99.

Bonney, Charles Carroll, xoo.

Bartholom6, M., S15.

Bonney, Mrs. Lydia Pratt, xoo.

Barrows, Dr., 99.

Bookmaking, 91.

Basis, of ethics, 119.

Book, China's most popular religious.

Bata, xaa.

83.

Bee, the, 37.

Book of Changes, Chinese, 78.

Beethoven, 6, i8s.

Boscoreale, 1x4.

Beha U'llah, 98.

"Boundaries, even," 4a.

Bel Merodach, laa.

Brain, 37, xoi, 133, 143.

Belief, strictly criticized.

103.

Brahmanism, Prof. R. Garbe on, 99;

Belligerency, in Christianity,

99*

modem pqrchology and, xoo.

Ben Midrash, 99.

Breastplate, the, of judgment, x86.

Berkeley, 99.

Brewer, Hon. Willis, X07.

Bernauer, Agnes, 99.

BRIDE OF CHRIST, THE, 6x.

Besant, Mrs. Annie, ia6.

Bride of Christ, illustrated, xox.

Bethel, 178.

Brides, Olympian, 156.

Bhagavadgita, the, and

Prof.

Garbe,

Briggs, heresy trial, 167.

99; philosophy of, 131

i

Brodrick, Harold, a modem Christ,

Bible, the, Buddhist, 71

; as an idol.

106.

100; stone worship In,

178.

Buckham, Rev. J. W., 152.

Biblical research, 38.

Bnddha, "the sweetest of the pa-

192

INDEX

gans," 70; summaries of articlea
on, 1 01 '103.

Buddhism, origin of, 72; modem psy-
chology and, 100; relation to Chria*
tianity, 109; great moral maxims
of, 128; summaries of articles on,
ioi>i03; in Japan, 138.

BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRIS-
TIAN CRITICS, 71.

Buddhist, Goethe a, 129; conception
of immortality, 136; formula, 181.

Budge, Prof. £. A. Wallis, 17:

Buechner, Prof. L., 103, i66.

Burbank, Luther, 144.

Burke, J. Butler, 141.

Busch, Wilhelm, 66, 103.

Caaha, the, 103, 178.

Caligraphy, Chinese, 79.

Canavarro, Countess, M. de S., 104,
185.

CANON OF REASON AND VIR-
TUE, 81.

Capitalists, workingmen as, 103.

Cameri, Bartholomew, 104.

Cams, Dr. Gustav, 150, 151.

Carus, Titus Lucretius, 87.

Catabolism, 17.

Catacombs, x 14.

Catalepsy, 14^.

Catharine, St., of Alexandria, 104.

Cathay, 186.

Cathedrals, Christian art in, 1x5.

Catholicity, of mind, 43; and science,
x66.

Cause, definition, xx, 12; essay on,
29.

Causality, 104.

Causation, 31, X04.

Celestial language, the, xo4*

Centennial, Darwin and Lincoln, 1x3.

Central America, the cross in, 113.

Cerebellum, 104.

ChampoUion, 170.

Chandra Das Brothers^ 104*

Character, 133.

Charbonnel, Ahhi, 99, x6s*

Charity, 104, 131.

Chase, Hon. Charles H., 175.

Chastity, 105.

Chauvinism, 158.

Ceylon, X03.

Cherubinean Wandergr, 153.

Chiaroscuro, of truth, ja.

Chicago, 31, xjx.

Chicken, the question of priority,
xos*

CHIEF'S DAUGHTER, THE, 91.

Children, 47, xos.

China, summaries of articles on, X05-
X06, 160, 167.

Chinese, art, 155; Book of Changes,
78; conservatism, 79; world-con-
ception, 79; good and evil, 99; fa-
bles, xax; classic, X4X.

CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS,
8S.

CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, 77.

CHINESE THOUGHT, 79.

Chou Fu Tsz, X06.

Chrisma, xo6.

Christmas, summaries of articles on,
X09.

Christ, and Sampson, 59; Anubis,
Seth and, 97; and charity, X05;
and Christian, X07; frauds and,
X37; seal of, X74.

Christian, missions in China, 80; sci-
ence, X07; gospels and Buddhism,
129.

Christianity, a branch of philosophy,

INDEX

193

26; ineritable, 63; future of, 64;
in relation to Buddhism, 102; the
new, 135; in Ji^an, 138; imported
from the Orient, 173; oldest sym-
bol of, 174.

Church, and state in France, X09; re-
q>onsibility for the Inquisition, 136;
for the laity, a scientific, 141; Rus*
sian orthodox, 170.

Chrysostum, St, 154.

Circle, a, and dualism, 14.

Circle-squarer, the, 109.

Civilization and American Indian
legends of Manitou, 185.

Classic, an important, 33.

Qean money, 109.

Clearness and the charm of haziness,
xio.

Cleopatra and Ptolemy, 170.

Clement of Alexandria, 102,

Qeveland, President Grover, 151.

Clock or the watches, the, zxo.

Cogiio, ergo sum, 135.

Cognition, knowledge, truth and, zxo;
formal principle of, X50.

Collaborators, Goethe and Schiller, 67.

Columbian Exposition, the, 31.

Columbus, Christopher, izo.

Common sense and scientific meth-
ods, a.

Communal life, 46.

Communismf of soul life, 39, 175.

Comparisons, Buddhism and Chris*

tianity, 73.
Compassion, maudlin, 96.
Con4>ulsion, 124.
Comte Auguste, 93.
Conceptions, of God, 127; abstract,

176.

Conciliation of religion with science,
zix, X65.

Conduct, the science of, 8.

Confucianism, xxx, 138.

Confusion, 23.

Congress, of philosophy, 3x; of re-
ligious societies, xii, 142; an ap-
peal to U. S., 124, X54; national
peace, X59; of orientalists, x6x.

Conjuration, healing by, 59, X32.

Conscience, growth of, xxx; liberty
of, X42.

Consciousness, and organization, x^ff;
new theory of, 38; organ of, 39;
summaries of articles on, xxx-xx2.

Conservatism, Chinese, 79.

Consistency, of the cosmos, 4; log-
ical, 4X.

Constantine, xo6.

Contracts, devil, xi6.

Contrasts, in the cosmos, 4; good
and evil as, 58.

Controversy, a, on form and formal
thought, 29; ethics, 44; agnosticism,
94; Briggs heresy trial, X67.

Cook, Prof., 127,

Co-ordination, and consciousness, 38.

Continuity, of evolution, 121,

Converse, C. Crozat, 123.

Convert to Buddhism, X03.

Conway, Moncure D., a militant lib-
eral, XX 2.

Cope, Prof. Henry, X44.

Copernican world-conception, xio.

Comer-stone of Christianity, 108.

Corollaries of principle, 20.

Cortex, the, a storehouse of memo-
ries, 39; and consciousness, 1x2.

Cortez, X48.

Cosmology, art, 27,

194

INDEX

Cosmos, consistency of the, 4; order

and ethics in the, 119; omnipresent

God in. X51.
Cosmopolitanism, 12$.
Coxe, Eckley B., iza.
Crane, Rev. Frank, 94.
Creation story, Babylonian, 122;

Harpax and Oneiros, 156.
Creeds, and instincts, 26; faith and,

112.
Crisis in Great Britain, 112.
Crispi, Francesco, 112.
Criterion, of philosophy, a6; of eth*

ics, 112.
Criticism of Kant, 33.
Critique, scientific, and dogma, 52f.
Critique of pure reason, Kant's, 33.
Cross, the, summaries of articles on,

112-X13.
CROWN OF THORNS, THE, 89,

113.
Crucifix, the, animal sacrifice and,

113.
Cuba, 113.
Culture, ethical, 120,
Cuneiform tablets, 122, 13a.
Cur deus homo, 108.
Curtiss, Prof. Samuel Ives, 163.
Custom House, 1x3.
Cyrus, and Mazdaism, 149; called the

messiah, 187.

Dance of death, 1x4.

Danger, hypnotism, X34.

Darrow, Clarence, xx8.

Darwin, Cameri's Darwinism, X04;
centennial, 113.

DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS
ERA AND OTHER ESSAYS, 52-

Death, existence after, 21; summar-
ies of articles on, X13-114.

Decadence, senile, 147.

Deeds, good and evil, 99.

Defects, in psychology, 13; in phil-
osophy, 25.

Definition, differences in, 153; of re-
ligion and science, 165.

Deity, Samson, a solar, 59; Brah-
man idea of, 76; names of days,
138.

Deluge legends, X15, 122.

Demonology, mediaeval and modem,
57 ff; summaries of articles on, 1x5.

De Morgan, M. J., 177.

De novo, scientific thought, 9.

DE RERUM NATURA, poem on the
world problem, 83, XX3.

Descartes, X35.

Design in nature, 1x5.

Destiny, x86.

Determinism, x x $.

Deussen, Dr. Paul, 36.

Devil, prehistoric and modem, 57,
1XS-X16-X17.

Dewey, Prof. John W., X36,

Dhammapada, the, X03.

DHARMA, THE, 68.

Dharmapala, x 16.

Differentiation, x8.

Dilettantism, x x6.

Dimensions, spacial, 42, 176.

Dionysus, X30.

Diplomacy, 176.

Disasters, 9.

Disciple of Nietsche, X3S.

Discoveries, effect of, xx6.

Discussion, on ethics, XX9; on mathe>
matics, 4X.

Disease, of politics, zi6; of philos*

ophy, 147; of memory, X69.
Dispersion, the, 139, x8o.

INDEX

IPS

Dissolution and memory, 146.

Destructive, criticism, 115.

Diversions, mathematical, 124.

Divination, Oriental, 99.

Dixon, Edward, 145.

Dogmas, and error, 26-27; Christian
spirit opposed to, 51; obsolete, 108;
review on, 116; of Christian res-
urrection, x68; of the Trinity, 182.

Dogs, crucifixion of, in ancient Rome,

113-
Dolls, Japanese festival of, xx6.
Doomsday, xi8.
Double symbol, zz6; personality, 1x7;

unity, 150.
Dreams, 1x7.
Droeshout, 173.
Druids, 178.
Dualism, 150, XS9.
Du Bois-Reymond, 49.
Duty, 27.

Eagle, the double, iz6.

Easter, 1x7.

Eberlein, Gustav H., 12S,

Eckhart, X02.

Economy of thought, 4, $.

Editorial articles, summaries of, 93*
187.

Edmunds, A. J., lox.

Education, and guidance, 47; and
mathematics, 145; music in, 152.

EDWARD'S DREAM, 66.

Efflorescence, the highest mental, 13.

Ego, the, nature of, 43; summaries
of articles on, 117; Des Cartes and,
135.

Egypt, conceptions of death and im-
mortality in ancient, 1x3, 1x8, 136;
stone worship in, 170.

Eine Kleine Hutte, X40.

Election, the McKinley, xx8.

Electricity, animal, xi8.

Element, in philosophy, the myste-
rious, 35; in Christianity, the pagan,
109, 1S7'

Elgin, Lord, 93.

Emblems, prehistoric, 124.

Emotionalism, Nietsche's, 13s.

Energy, the objectivity of events, 5;
mind not a storage of, 148; spelled
with capital E, 171; is the soul an,
X7S.

England, liberty-loving, 137.

Enlightenment, religion of, 102,

Enmeduranki, x86.

Entheism, 54.

Epics, solar, 60; of China, 80; Baby-
lonian, X26.

Epictetus, Z08.

Epigenesis, 49.

Epigrams of Goethe, 129.

Equipment, Spanish war, 176,

Equivocation in dogma, 52.

Eros, 118.

EROS AND PSYCHE, 89.

Error, 26; of Kant, 33; vainglorious
prophets of, 46; in freethought,
124; consoled, X12; of identifying
soul and ego, 1x7.

Eschatology of Christian art, xz8.

Esperanto, 118.

Essence of the Dharma, 119.

Eternity, a hymn on, X19; and in-
finitude, 136.

Ethics, basis of, 45; Chinese maxims
and, 85; summaries of articles on,
119-120; and formal thought, X24;
of Kant, H. Spencer on the, 140;
science and, 171.

196

INDEX

Ethical Culture, Chicago Society of,
44* 54; Confucian ideals of, 138.

ETHICAL PROBLEM, THE, 44.

Ethnology of the word God, 54.

Ethos Anthropoi Daimon, motto of
the Open Court, 120.

Eucharists, pre-Christian, 124.

Eucken, Prof. Rudolph, 102.

Euclid, 43.

European opinions on religious par-
liaments, 167.

Eusebius, 102.

EVANGELIUM BUDDHAS, DAS,
69.

Events, to-day's, 120.

Evil, idea of, in antiquity, $71 »n
early Christianity, 120; for evil,
render not, 168.

Evolution, of scientific thought, xo;
of truth, 20-21; and moral triumph,
49; summaries of articles on, 120-

X2I.

Exile of the Jews, 180.

Existence, two aspects of, 38.

Expansion, summaries of articles on,
121.

Experience, principles derived from,
31; the Primer of Philosophy, 121;
and objective existence, 150; mo-
tion, 176.

Explanation, by principle, 19.

Exposition, St. Louis, 94.

Expository Times, 163.

Extension, Religious Parliament, 167.

Fables, Chinese, xo6, X2X.

Facts, established by science, x6; a

religion based on, X65.
Factors of scientific truth, 3.

Faculty, intellectual, 148.
Fagging in mediaeval universities, 13a.
Fairy tale, sweetest Greek, 90; ele-
ment in the Bible, X2i; summaries

of articles on, 12 x- 122; in religion,

x66.
Faith, and doubts 122; Goethe's, 129;

Haeckel's, X3X.
Fallacies^ of the peacemakers, 159;

of the agnostic position, 172.
False estimate of capabilities, 182.
Fate, distinguished from necessity,

154; of Zeus, 163.
Father Hennepin, 9X.
Fatherland, the, special articles on

Germany, 122.
Faust, Goethe's, significance of, 129.
Fawcett, Edward Douglass, X69.
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 44, X23,

175.
Feeling, a product of organization,

x8ff; sxmunaries of articles on the

origin and nature of, 123.
Festivals, Chinese, 86; of dolls in

Japan, 116; of the Resurrection,

169.
Field, H. M., 94.
Filial piety in China, 123.
Filipino question, 123.
First steps, children's, 47, 123.
Flag, hymn, X23; the American, X2S.
Folklore, the devil in mediaeval, 58;

in poetry, 122; Sampieiro, a tale

of Chinese, X7x.
Food, sacramental, 123.
Force, and causation, 124; in rela*

tion to gravity, 145.
Forerunner, the, of sensation, 19.
Form, and the formal sciences, 3, 41;
and philosophy, 5; and inmiortality,

INDEX

197

21; and formal thought, ig, 30,

124.
Forms-in-themselves, 1 1.
Formula, a generalized fact, a, 4; a

Buddhist, i8x.
FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMAT-
ICS, THE, 40.
Foundations of mathematics, philo-

sophical, X45.
Fourth gospel, the, 129.
Frank, Dr. Elarl, 13a.
Franklin squares, 124, 145.
Frauds, in spiritualism, 146; as the

Christ, X06.
Freedom, of will, 12; Immortality,

God, and, 127.
Freethought, and the Bible, xoo; he-
roes of,, X24.
Friar, the, a song, 124.
French, Daniel C, 1x5.
FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, 67.
Friendship, international, 137.
Fulfilment, science comes as the, 124.
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS, 29.
Future, the, philosophy of, 8; of

Christianity, 64; religion oi, z66,

X67.
Fylfot, 124.
Galilei, Galileo, 125.
Gandhi, R., Z07.
Garbe, Prof. Richard, 99.
Gauss, 4Z.
Gentile, the, in early Christianity,

139.
German, classical period, 6; topics,

sunmiaries of articles on, 125-126;

mjrstics quoted, X53.
Gerhard, a Swedenborgian, 126.
Geolui^ of founders of Chinese dvll-

ization, 77; of death, 1x4; and
playful instruction, X25.

Geoffrey, C. P., pseudonym of Dr.
Cams, 180.

Geometry, philosophy of, 40; founda-
tions of, 125.

Geomancer's compass, 79.

Ghosts, summaries of articles on, 126.

Ghost crab, th^ 99.

Gifts, Christnuis, 109.

Gilgamesh and Eabaxil, 126.

Gill, W. J., ISO.

Gissac, F. de, 126,

Gladstone, Hon. W. E., 94.

Gnosticism, pre-Christian, 64, 108,
126, 127, 139.

Gobineau, Count, 127.

God, idea of, purified, 28; soul of the
universe, 40; incarnate in man, 49;
of Buddhism, 76; animal concep-
tion of, 97; oriental personal, 98;
wpeaks In experience, xoo; sum-
xnaries of articles on, 127S; as om-
nipresent order, zsx.

GOD, AN ENQUIRY INTO THE
NATURE OF MAN'S HIGHEST
IDEALS AND A SOLUTION OF
THE PROBLEM FROM THE
STANDPOINT OF SCIENCE, 55-

God-ideal, Kampmeier's, x8o.

Cod of Iron, the, a hymn, 128.

Gods of Japan, jolly, 138.

GODWARD, 88.

Codward, a hjrmn, 128.

Goethe, 6, 58, 68, X09, X50, 172;
summaries of articles on, X28-X29.

GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XEN-
IONS, 66-67.

Golgotha, 1x3.

Golden age and the Chiist-ldetl, toy.

198

INDEX

Good and evil, problem of, 129.

Gospel of cheer, 181.

GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, 69.

Goq>eIs, historical nucleus of Chris*
tian, 108; Christian and Buddhist,
129; cause of their success, X39*

Grasshopper, 130.

Grassmann, Prof., 41.

Gravitation, Le Sage's theory of, 145.

Greed, Chinese dunning devil of, xi7-

Greek, mysteries, religion, mythology
and art, 130; sculptors in India, 77.

Greeley, Frederick, xx8.

Grief at unbelief, 130.

Gros, M. Johannes, 164.

Gunkel vs. Delitsch, 131.

Gunning, Prof. W. D., 131.

Gutzlaff, Charles, 102,

Haas, Rev. Hans, 109.

Hades, 1x4, xi8.

Haeckel, Ernst, Prof., 127, 131, 250.

Hallucinations, 38, 1x7.

Hamlet, the Hindu, X31.

Hammurabi, 131.

Harmony of the spheres, X3J.

Harnack, Adolf, X32, 166.

Harper, Pres. William R., 133.

Hard times, 13 x, X46.

Hastings, Rev. James^ 56.

Haweis, Rev., x68.

Haziness, 33, xxo.

Hazing, X3a.

Healing, by conjuration, in ancient

Babylon, 132.
Hebert, Marcel, X63.
Hedonism, 92, 95, X33, X40, lyd.
Hegeler, Edward C, x6i.
Hcgeler, Gisela, X33.
Hegeler, Mrs. E. C, 133.

Henism, X33, X49.

Heracles, 60.

Heraclitus, 120, X33.

Herder, Prof., 6.

Heredity, spiritual, 43, 133.

Heresy, X32, 152, 167.

Hermes, 179.

Hering, Prof. Ewald, x8, 146.

Herodotus, xos.

Heroes of freethought, 124.

Hewavitame, X33.

Hieroglyphs, X70.

Higher criticism, x68, x8o.

Hinduism and Theosophy, X34.

Historical movements, 26.

HISTORY OF THE DEVIL, THE,

57.
Hobbes, 47.
Hobgoblin, 149.
Hoffding, Prof. H., 44, 45.
Hokusai, 134.
Holland, F. M., 44, 45.
Holmes, C. J., X34.
Holtzmann, Heinrich Julius, X34.
Holy, edict, Chinese, 134; fire, 187;

Ghost, 174, 182; office, the, X25.
Holyoake, G. L., X34.
Homeopathy, 143.
HOMILIES OF SCIENCE. 50.
Hopkins, Prof. E. Washburn, xo2.
Horns and hoofs, 58.
Horses, strike of the, X78.
Human soul, the, X75.
Humanity, higher, X33.
Hume, XX.
Humor, and philosophy, 66; Chinese,

86.
Humorist, a, x6x.
Hunger after righteousness, 134.
Huxley, xx9, X34.

INDEX

199

Hymns, 88, zoz, 123, 136, 166.

Hypnotism, 38, 134.

Hypocritical allegiance to dogma, no.

Iconoclasm, 13$.

Icons, 170.

IDEA OF GOD, THE, 54-

Idea- worshipper, 135.

Idealism, Berkeley's, 99; in modem
philosophy, 135.

Ideas, living, 19; preservation of, 31;
good and evil as religious, 139;
sammaries of articles on, 134.

Identity, of self, 117; in change, 135.

Idol, the Bible an, xoo.

Idolatry of dogmatists, 135.

Ignis fatuus of circle aquarers, tSa,

Ignorance, 94, 135.

Igorot, the, 135.

Illiberal, the, 143.

Illusions, of Hedonism, 45; of re-
ligion, 1x0.

Ilo, 1x8.

Image worship, 135.

Immanent, God Is, 151.

Immorality, philosophic principle of,
X35; Nietsche on, 155.

Immortality, instinctive, 21; racial,
37; not fiction, 43; Buddhist, 75;
Goethe on, X39; summaries of arti-
cles on, 136; science and, 17a.

Immutable, 168.

Impetus, the Individual an, 136.

Imperialism in America, lai.

"In Vain," 181.

Independence, creed of science, 56.

Indonesian legend, 136.

Indians, N. A., iia.

Individualism, 46.

Infinite, the, 136.

Ingersoll, R. G«, 93.
Injunction, Plato's, 41.
Inquisition, the, 57, 136.
Inscription, Mesha's, 146; Siloam,

174.

Instruction, ethical, 119-iao; playful,
X37.

Intellectual surd, the, 35.

Intelligence, consciousness and, 39.

International, stearing 96; friend-
ship, 125, Z37; pasigraphy, 158.

Intrinsic necessity, 13.

Investigation, scientific, and common
sense, 2, 4.

Ireland, Archbishop* 95, 170.

Irreligion, 156.

"Is," the, and the "ought," 137.

islam, 151.

Ishtar's Descent to Hell, 98, 122,

"it thinks," 137.

James, Prof. William, 137, 148, z6i,
162.

Janes, Dr. Lewis G., 94.

Japan, art, 97; dynasty wart, 99;
Buddhism, 102; summaries of arti-
cles on, 138-139.

Java, legend of Jesus, 136.

Jenkins, Richard, 138.

Jesuits, the, 169.

Jesus Christ, the pleroma, 63; pagan-
Christian, Z09; cross of, 1 13; per-
sonality, X39.

Jew, the, in early Christianity, 109;
dispersion of, 139, 180.

Jodl, Prof. Friedrich, 36, 44, 45, 139,
166.

Johnston, Charles, 139.

Joliet, visit to, 96, 139.

Joseph, story of, ijj.

200

INDEX

Joshua, 178.
Jubilate, 239.
Judaism, 64.
Judson, H. D., 140.
Julian, the ^ostate, 108.
Justice, criticism of Spencer's book
on, Z40.

Elabala, 126,

Kamakura, xox, 173.

Kamo No Chomei, 140.

Kan Ying P'ien, 140.

K'ang-hi, 134.

Kant, Immanuel, and Hume, li;

prophet of form, 22; his philosophy,

32; ethics, 33; and Spencer, lao,

176; duty, 133; evolution, 140;

summaries of articles on, 140; his

terms confused, 176.
KANT AND SPENCER, 33.
KANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY

FUTURE METAPHYSIC, 3a.
KARMA. 73.
Karma, Tolstoy's translation of, 74;

law' of, and monism, X03; in song

and story, 140.
Kelvin, Lord, William Thomson, 140.
Key to world problems, 24, 169.
Kheiralla, L G., 98.
King Death, 1x4.
Kipling, Rudyard, 76.
Kirchoff, Prof. G. R., X04, 140.
Knowledge, 14 x.
Koerner, Gustav, 141.
Kopetsky, Olga, 92,
Kudurrus, Babylonian, 178.

Labanxm, zo6.

Labor, curse or dignity of? Z4z;
the Pope's encyclical on, i6a.

Language, international, 237, 257.

Lane, Charles Alva, 87.

Lanman, Prof., xox.

Lao-Tze, a great moral teacher, 8x;

maxims of, 132; summaries of arti*

clea on, 242.
LAO-TZE'S TAO-TEH KING, 82.
Larldn, 274.
Latin literature, 87.
Laubadi^re, 205.
Laufer, 224.
Laughing, 242.
Laws, of nature, 12; of ethks, 2x9;

moral, 242.
Lay church, a, 242, 24a.
Leaders, Russo*Japanete, 238.
Legend, religious, 89; Indian, 92;

deluge, xis; resurrection, 228, 268;

homeopathy, 243; Indonesian, 236;

creation, 256.
Leo XIII, Pope, 263.
Leasing, 5.
Lethargy, 24a.

Letter, and spirit, 27; Greek r* ^5^
Lewins, Dr. R., 44, 45> i37*
Liars, 243.

Liberal religion and thought, 243.
Liberty and nationalism, 24a.
Lie, the usefal, x6a.
Life After Death, Fechner's, 44*
Life, the struggle for, 242, 175.
Lincoln, Abraham, centennial, 123.
Literary discussion, ethica of, 243.
Literature, Chinese, 85, 206; "storm

and stress," 209.
Littre'Sk 243, 26a.
Living the truth, 243.
Llano, Antonio, 220.
Lobatschevsky, 42, 278.
Logic, nothingness and lero in* iM.

INDEX

201

"Logos, the," J4, 148.

London, Partees of, 148.

Lonely thinker, a, iSa.

Loof-Haeckel, 131.

Looking forward, 143.

Lord's prayer, 143; Lord's sacra-

ment, 126.
Lore, Christian legend, 61.
Lost Manutcript, Freytag's norel,

143.
Lot's wife, I as, 178.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St

Louis, III.
Love, and immortality, 1x5; Deme-

ter's glorification of, 132; of truth,

religion and, 167.
Low, Canon George, 127, 143, x68.
Loyson, Pire Hyacinthe, 128.

Mach, Prof. Ernst, 5, 36, 144.

Maddock, John, 44, 45.

Magi. 187.

Magic, Evans' Old and New, 144;

squares, mathematica], 144.
Maha-Bodhi, society, xox; Journal,

X03.
Mahayana, 144.

Maitreya, Ananda, 96, 103, 144.
Malay, 1x9.
Man, a worker and a thinker, 25;

oneness of nature and, 144.
Manichaeism, 149.
Manila, 137.

Manitou, Yahveh and, 185.
Marcus Aurelius, 108.
Marduk, xaa.
Mariolotry, 183.
Marlowe, 1x6.
Marriage, 144.
Martin, Rev. Alfred, 167.

Master of Akka, the, 98.

Materialism, errors of, 145; monism
and, 150.

Mathematics, philosophical basis of,
41; God of, 42; diversions and
magic squares, 124, X44, 145; the
old and the new, 156.

Matriarchy, 122.

Matter, an empty word, 5; and grav-
ity. 145.

Maxims, Chinese, 85.

Mayors of Illinois, two, 120.

Mazdaism, 145, 149, x86.

Mazzebas, 178.

McCrie, George M., 168, 172, 175.

McGregor, Allan, X03.

McKinley, William, 144.

McVeagh, Franklin, xi8.

Middle ages, spirit of, 9.

Milieu, religious, 89.

Mill, John Stuart, 154.

Mills, Prof. L. H., 148.

Mind, noetic operations of, 25; power
of, and Christian Science, X07; is
God a, 127; reading in the nursery,
X49; summaries of articles on, 148-
149.

Minot, Prof. Charles S., xiz, 149.

Minton, Rev. H. C, 128.

Miracles and witchcraft, 185.

Missions, Christian, Z07, 109.

Missionaries, Christian and pagan, y2,

149-
Mithras, 108, X45, 149.
Mivart, Prof. George, zaz.
Mecca, X03.

Mechanical philosophy, 150, 154.
Medals, 173.
Medhurst, 146.
Medium, an cz-, 146.

202

INDEX

Medici, Dr. Charles de, 146, i8a.

Medieval Christian literature, 102,

Medulla Oblongata, 177.

Meliorism, 9«

Memory, definition, z6; nerve activ-
ity, x8; soul-builder, 19; organized
substance, 146; mechanical, the
phonograph, i6x; Ribot, 169.

Memorial customs in Japan, 138.

Mental, biochemical, phenomena, 164.

Mene tekel, 146.

Mer-monkey, the, 146.

Mesha, 146.

Message, of Buddhism to Christianity,
103; of Monism to the world, 151.

Metabolism, x6, ax.

Metaphysical, questions, lo-xi, 34;
"x" in cognition, xio, X47.

Metaphysics, the surd of, 35; purged,
36; Buddhist, 95; a vicious habit
in, Z47; Von Gizydd's statement,
X65.

Metchnikoff, Elie, 147.

Method, 2, 3.

Methology, 7.

Mexico, X48.

Moderation, Chinese sermon on, 1 11.

Modesty of agnosticism, 94.

Moltke, Trostgedanken, 149*

Monastic orders, X69.

Money, clean, 109.

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, xoa.

MONISM AND MELIORISM, 29.

Monism, a unitary world-conception,
4* 93; criticized by Minot, xxx; its
definition of feeling, 123; Goethe's,
X29; Haeckel's, 131; hedonism and,
X33; message of, 147; actualization
of, 149; summaries of articles on,
I49«z5z; no dilenmia in, X50.

Monitt, the, 39» 44, 65, 15X.

Monk, China's dunning devil, 1x7.

Monogamy and free love, 50, 151.

Monotheism, 145, 180.

Monroe Doctrine, 151.

Montgomery, Dr. James Alan, 171.

Monuments, to death, 1x5; prayers
on, X36; Moabite stone, 146; sum-
maries of articles on, 151.

Moore, George, disdple of Nietsche,

Morality, the letter and the spirit,
271 pursuit of pleasure not, 45;
Chinese, 80; test of, 9a; Goldwin
Smith, 151; moral ought, 151; and
nature, 154; Von GizycU's state-
ment, X65.

Moribund, Buddhism not, loa.

Morning Glory, the, 151.

Mote, the, and the beam, 151.

Mother, a, 48.

Motion, and feeling, 23; in infinite
directions, 42; nothing in physical
life but, Z5s; motion-e3q>aienoe8,
Z76.

Motto, Dr. Cams', 30; the Open
Court, 120.

Motor-organisms, i6.

Moxom, Dr., 129.

Mozart, 6.

Murato Tanryo, 141.

Music, summaries of articles on, 152.

Must, the, 157. ^

Mud-puddles and mysticism, 33.

Mueller, Prof. F. Max, 36, zzi, 15s,
Z70, x86 (see also MuUer).

Muhamnuid, 151.

Multiplication table, x68.

Multitude, the, 26,

Munsterberg, Prof. Hugo, 135.

INDEX

203

Myazda, xa6.

Mystery, of mysteiiet, the, 56; pUys,
Greek, 130.

Mysterious beetle, the, iS2,

Mystic, traditions in religion, 6x;
marriage in art, 61-63; number r,
156.

Mysticism, and pragmatism, 8; at-
tractive, 2$; and the a priori, 41;
sentiment in, 65; dangerous, 152.

Mystifications, unexplained, 153.

Myth, and history, 60, 134; in Egypt
and Chaldea, xai.

Mythology of Buddhism, xoj.

NameSk dajrs and deities, 138; Chris-
tian, Christianity, 153.

Napoleon, 153, 173.

Nara Buddha, xoz.

Naram-sin's stele, ZS3.

Nativity, the, 153.

Nature, all, living, 21; Goethe's phil-
osophy of, 139; oneness of man
and, Z44; of mind, 148; alive? 154.

NATURE OF THE STATE, THE,
46.

Natural, laws and causes, Z04; science
and ethics, 119; selection of soul-
atoms, Z43.

Naval Academy, U. S., Z54.

Nazarenes, 89.

Neanderthal man, the, 49.

Necessity, basis and scope of, Z54;
C. S. Peirce on, Z59.

Need of philosophy, x6z.

Nelson, Murry, zx8.

Nero, Z07.

Nervous system, the, purpose, z6;
consciousness, 38; vertebrates, Z54;
articulates, zss.

Nescience, agnosticism, z; philosophy

of, 34; God of, 55*
Nestorious, Z55.

New Testament, Eucharist, 124; Ger-
man critic of, Z34; authorities, X39.

New wine, Z55.

New Year's Eve, meditations, 99; his-
tory of, 155.

Newman, Cardinal, 57.

Newport, David, 93*

Newton, Isaac, 172,

Newspaper, the ideal, Z55.

Ney, Elisabet, X55, 17X.

Niagara Falls, legend of, 9z.

Nietsche, Frederick, X35, Z55.

Nik6 Apteros, 93.

Nile, the, Z58.

Nilsson, X44.

Nineteenth Century, club. New York,
Z07; demonology in the, ZZ5.

NIRVANA, 75.

Nirvana, and Karma, Z40; Buddhist
psychology, Z55.

Nobel, Dr. Alfred B., Z55.

Noetic, 35.

Noir6, Ludwig, Z49.

Nomenclature, 33, x6o.

Nomotheism, 56, Z38.

Norms, 34.

North China Herald, press notice, 83.

Norway, zss.

Nothingness, in logic, z86.

Notions, Chinese, 77.

Notovitch, Nicolas, Z37.

Number «• in Christian prophecy,
Z56.

Nun, a pagan, Z58.

Nursery, the, mind-reading in, 149-

Obelisks, Z78.

Obituary, ^Ihelm Busch, Z03; Eel:

204

INDEX

ley B. Coxe, 112; F. de Gissac,
127; W. D. Gunning, 131; Mrs. E.
C. Hegeler, 133; Gisela Hegeler,
133; Lord Kelvin, 140, i8z; Gut-
tav Koemer, 141; William B. Mc-
Kinley, 144; Elisabet Ney, 155;
Otto Pfleiderer, 160; Major Powell,
162; George John Romanes, 170.

Objective, the, domain of, 14; cri-
terion of ethics, 112.

Obscene, phallic worship not, 105.

Occultism, Chinese, 79, 106; in math-
ematics, 145; and the meaning of
quality, 164.

Old philosophies, i.

Old Testament, 98, 122, 149.

Old and new, 145, 156.

Olympian brides, 156.

Omar Khayyam, 172.

Omnipresences, laws of nature, 24;
order as God, 151.

Omniscient, if we were, za.

One-eyed persons, spacial sense of,
176.

Oneiros and Harpaz, 156.

Oneness, of man and nature, 144; of
the phenomenal and the noumenal,
x6o.

Ontology, 7f xs6.

Open Court, The, 29, 30, 56, 95, 99>
107, 112, 121, 127, 131, 166, 177,
180.

Open-door policy, 105.

Order, God as omnipresent, 151.

Organization and feeling, 38.

Orient the, world religions of, 98.
173; art in, 177.

Origin, of Christianity, X09; of mind,
149; of thought- forms, i8z.

Originality, itch for, 30.

Ornament, evolution of, 121, 157.
Orphic, songs, 130; mosaic, 157.
Orthodoxy, the new, 52, 99; the em-
peror's, 118.
Osiris, III.
Ostwald, Prof., 157.
"Ought," the, and the "is," 137. X57.
OUR CHILDREN, 47.
OUR NEED OF PHILOSOPHY, 31.

Paganism, anticipated Christianity,
64; summaries of articles on, 157-
158; of northern Europe^ 166.

Pain, 39, 158, 161.

Painting, 27,

P'a-lek, 158.

Pali, xox.

Pan-biotism, -logism, -pqrchism, 158.

Pan-mala]ra, 160.

Parable, 158.

Parallelism, in psychology, 14; in
reality, 1$.

Parallels, pre-Christian, 126, 143.

Parenthood, X58.

Parliament of religions, 31* 69, 100.

Parousia, 130.

Parsees, 148.

Parthenon, the, 93.

Particularity, 41.

Parties in philosophy, politics and
religion, i6o-x6i.

Pasigraphy, 137, 158.

Pasteur, 147.

Pathology, of Christ pretenders, 106;
of the egoless man, 117.

Patriotism, 158.

Paul of Tarsus, 89.

Pfeace, summaries of artidet on, 15S-

159.
Pearson, Prof., 159.

INDEX

20S

Pechvogel, John, 159.

Peirce, Charles S., 154, 159.

Peking, 78.

Pelasgians, the, 93.

Peripheral soul-life, 175.

Persian dualism, 159.

Fbrsonal equation, and pragmatists,

8; philosophy of the, i6x, 163.
Personality, double, 38; human, 43;

continues after death, 123; of God,

»«7. 159; of Jesus, 139.
Persons, natural and artificial, z6o.
Pessimist, Chandra, the, 104; Schop-
enhauer, 171.
Petrarch, 160.
Phagocytes, 148.
Phallic worship, 105.
Phenomena and noumena, 160.
Pfleiderer, Dr. Otto, 160.
Philippines, the, 95, 105, 135, x6o.
Philo, 24.

Philology, and monism, 149; and ar-
tificial languages, 160.
PHILOSOPHICAL PAMPHLETS

THREE, 31, 183.
Philosophy, objective, i; scope of, 7;

of form and the nature of God, ix;

of Buddhism, zoa; Chinese, 106;

in Japan, 138; mechanical, 154;

parties, 160; summaries of articles

on, 161-162.
Philosopher, a, not one-sided, 2$.
PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE, i

et. seq.
PHILOSOPHY OF THE TOOL, 31.
PHILOSOPHER'S MARTYRDOM.

THE, 92.
Philosophische Monaishgfte, 87.
Phoenicians, 178.
Phonograph, i6x.

Phosphorescence, zx8.

Pictures, Buddha, zox; Nirvana, X55.

Piety, filial, 105.

Pithecanthropus, the, z6z.

Plants, souMife in animals and, 175.

Plato, 34, 41, 132, i6z.

Pleasure, 39* 158, z6z.

Pleiades, the, X73.

PLEROMA, THE, 63.

Pleroma, the, a fulfilment, 63; Chris-
tianity as, X08.

Pneuma, 183.

i>oems, and the world conception, 27;
Assyrian, 97; philosophical, 113* ^29.

Poetry, Buddhist, 68, 103, 125; Chi-
nese, 8s; philosophical, 87.

Politics, McKinley-Bryan, x6x; par-
ties in philosophy, x6o.

Polychrome Bible, the, x6i.

Polytheism, Goethe's, X29.

Pompeian fresco, a, 122,

Pons, the, 104.

Pope, the, Leo XHI, i6a; Siactus IV,

X74.
PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART,

HISTORICAL AND MODERN,

73.
Positivism, Comtc's, 93; Berkeley's,

99; the new, x2o; Littre's, X43;

from metaphysicism to, 147; vs.

gnosticism, 162.
Possible, is religious truth? 167.
Postal service, 162, X79.
Potentialities, of form, 24; of things,

162.
Potiphar's wife, X22.
Potonii, Dr. H., i8x.
Powell, Major, X62.
Pragmatism, 8, X37, 162, 163.

206

INDEX

Pragmatology, and the science of con-
duct, 8.

Prajnaparamita, 163.

Prang, Louis, 163.

Prayer, the Lord's, 143.

Pre-Christian Christians, 108.

Pre-existencc, 163.

Preliminary statement, a, 39.

Pre-scientific, soul-conceptiont, 175.

Presbyterian, a, 163.

Present age, 37.

Press, the scientific, zi6.

Pretenders, Christ, 106.

Priestly code, 186.

PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY, 31.

PrimitiTe, religion, 90; man, 163.

Priority, society or the individual,
46; the chicken or the egg, 105.

Principle, the, of the soul, 19; of the
formal sciences, 31; of radical con-
servatism, 26; of cosmic order, 55;
of ethics, X19; of monism, 149.

Pro Domo, 163.

Problems, wrongly formulated, 10;
central, of religions, 43; of evil,
57-58; Chinese, 105; each solution
creates new, 135; one principle for
all, in monism, 150; social, 174; of
three-dimensional space, 170; of
modem theology, x8o.

Professors in German universities,
125.

Profundity, apparent, 33.

Progress, test of, 30, 179; religion of,
163, 166; of religion, 167; side-
switches of, 183.

Prometheus and Zeus, 163.

Propagation, sex, 37.

Prophecy, Virgil's fourth eclogue,
107; number r in Christian, 156.

Prophets, Goethe, 6; Kant, 22;
Schiller, 6, 36, 171.

Prosody, classical, 67.

Proq>ect of religion, 167; retrospect
and, 169.

Prosperity, 178.

Proto-Semitism, 163.

Prototypes, pagan and Christian, 60,
61, 114.

Prudentius, Z14, 154.

Prussia, liberty of conscience in, 143.

Psyche, the, 17-18.

Psychical phenomena, 13, 16, 37.

Psychical Research, Society of, 175.

Psychologists and the ego, 1x7.

Psychology, importance of, 12 ff; ex-
perimental, 37, 40; Buddhist, 74-
75* 100; summaries of articles on,
164; Ribot's, 169.

Psycho-physics, questions of, 144, 164.

Public schools, ethics in, 1x9.

Pulpit, the. Christian, 50; agnosticism
in, 94; a composer in, xxo.

Pure forms in mathematics, X45.

Puritan spirit, 6x.

Purpose, author's main, xo; unity of,
38.

Quality, 6-7, X64.
Quatrain, Goethe's, 58.
Queen of Sheba, X64.
Quintessence, mental, 43.

Rabbi Hirsch, 40.

Railroad strike, a, 164.

Rainbows, 164.

Rationalism in the nursery, X64.

Ratzel, X64.

Reaction against materialism, 45.

Reality, two aspects of, 14; of the

■MtMUKiiU

liMAMH

INDEX

207

devil, 59; mind and, 165.

Realization of truth, 20,

Reason, zi, 165.

Reason and Virtue, Canon of, 141.

Reasons are simultaneous, la.

Recognition, process of, 19.

Recollection, loss of, 117.

Recondite sources, 80.

Records, 174.

Reeves, 127.

Reflex motions, 165.

Reformation, the, S7, X37» 184*

Reliability of science, z.

Religion, its rival, 35; comparative
study of, 26; of science and Bud-
dhism, Z02, Z03; in China, zos; in
art, 114; in fairy tales, 122; great-
est non-Christian, Z65; and monism,
Z49, 150; summaries of articles on,
X65-Z66; rational inquiry into, z66.

RELIGION OF SCIENCE, THE, 53.

Religious parliament, 52, 165, Z67.

Religious problems, 3z; and psychol-
ogy, 39; the grandest of all, 44,
Z67.

Representation, by feelings, 39; of
death, 115; without taxation, z68.

Resignation, 166.

Response and retribution, Z40.

Responsibility and free will, 39, za4;
of God, X28.

Retrospect and proq>ect, Z69.

Resurgam, x68.

Resurrection, Egjrptian terminology
for, XIX ; summaries of articles on,
X68-X69; a hyperhistorical fact, x68.

Revelations, of an ex-medium, Z46;
New Testament xii, xix, Z57; in

Reviews of Soul of Man, 17 S»

Revival of Buddhism, Z02.

Revolution, the right to, 46, Z69; the

state based upon, Z77.

science, Z69; of science, religious,

X7z.
Rhymes* 65.
Ribot, Th., Z46, 169*
Riches, mental, Z9.
Riddle of the universe, 10, Z69.
Riemann, 4Z.

Riggtf James, D. D., z68.
Righteousness, hunger after, 50, 134.
RISE OF MAN, THE, 49.
Rituals, cruel, 9z; change, Z3S.
Rival of Christianity, 149*
Robertson, John M., Z57.
Roman church, St Catharine, 6z;

Jesuit, Z69.
Romance of childhood, 95.
Romanes, Prof. George John, 52, Z2i,

170.
Rome and scienoe, 170.
Rosary, 143.
Rosetta Stone, Z70.
Rosmini, 170.
Ross, W. Stewart^ 13a.
Rousseau, 47.
Royer, Clemence, zao.
Russell, F. C, Z50, 178.
Russian Icons, Z70.
Russo-Japanese war, Z78.

SACRED TUNES FOR THE CON-

SECRATION OF LIFE, 88.
Saints, Augustine, Z02; Anselm, xo8;

Catharine, 6z; Joseph, X74; Paul,

Z08, 118, X39, Z75.
Salter, William M., 44-4St <<8.
Salutatory, summary of Open Court

prindplet, Z70.
Samaritans, Z7z.

208

INDEX

Sameness, principle of, 19.

Sampietro's Mother, 75* X7X«

Sampson, 59, 171.

Sanskrit, 121,

Santa Clans, 47, 171.

Sarcophagi, 90.

Satire, Goethe's, 36; on agnosticism,
92.

Saviour, equivalents for the word,
107; pre-Christian, 157; birth of a,
181.

Scavengers, body, 147, 148.

Science, present age of, a ff; of
sdttnces, 35; God of, 55; immor-
tality and, 136; religion of, 166;
summaries of articles on, 171-173.

SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVE-
LATION, 31.

Scheffler, Johannes, 65, 171* (An-
gelus Silesius.)

Schiller, Friedrich, a prophet, 6, $6;
philosopher, 67; verses, 137; drama-
tist, 171.

Schilling, George, 118.

Schleiermacher, 165.

Schneider, Sasha, i6s«

Scholaromania, 171.

Schopenhauer, 171.

School, 171.

Scott, F. H., 1x8.

Scotus Erigena, loa.

Script, Chinese, xo6.

Scriptures, of Buddhism, 69, 103;
canonical, 89, 156.

Sculpture, Greek-Buddhist, 130, 184.

Seal of Christ, 173.

Seances, 146.

Secret societies, Jesuit, Musanlman,
170.

Secularism, 134, 172.

Self, Max Mueller's theory of, 153;
meaning of, 173.

Self-disdpline and Christian Science,
X07.

Self-resignation, Christian and Bud-
dhist, 173.

Semites, 93.

Seneca, 108.

Senile decadence, 147.

Sensation, Mach's terminology, 144;
and memory, 146, 173.

Senses, the psychical and physiologi-
cal, 17; limitation of, 173.

Sentiency, phenomena of, 14; how
developed, 19.

Sentiment, in religion, 35-36; pre-
Christian, in China, 83; Buddhist
Christian, 107.

Sermons, by a man who believes in
science, 50.

Seth, 97.

Seven, Jolly Gods of Japan, 138; sa-
cred number, 173.

Sex, ethics, 50, 173; theory of, 37.

Seydel, 139.

Seymour, Rev. W. W., 113,

Shakespeare, i73<

Shaksper, William, 173.

Shaku, Rt Rev. Soyea, 75, 129, 173.

Shankara, xoo.

Shaw, George W., 60.

Sheol, 98.

Shimonoseld, 99.

Shipman, Paul R., 94.

Signets, 173.

Significance, of music, 153; of naming
things, 173.

Silent, death is, 115.

Siloam, 174.

Simians, 174.

INDEX

209

Simon Magus, 126, 139.

Simplicity, 22, 23.

Sin, against the Holy Ghott^ 174.

Sinologists, 80.

Sixth sense, 174.

Skeleton, the, representathre of death,

114, 174.
Sketch (see foreword).
Smith, Goldwin, 174.
Smith, Rer. Oliver H. P., IS3, 124,

174.

Sodalim, 96, 174.

Society, or the individual? 46.

Society of Psychical Reteardi, 175.

Socrates, 174.

Sokal, Edward, 169.

Solar, heroes, 60; symbol, IM$,

Solipsism, 151.

Solstitial temples, 174.

Somnambulism, 14J.

Sonata, life a, 15a.

Songs, 27, 109, 152.

Soul, form, 11; origin and nature of,
37, 43; double, 117; Goethe, 129;
immortality, 136; summaries of ar-
ticles on, 175*176.

SOUL OF MAN, THE. 37.

Source, of activity, 21; of gospels,
129.

South Africa, 11 a.

Space, pure, mathematical, physiologic
cal, 41; summaries of artidea on»
176.

Spanish War, 176.

Speculation, idle, 78.

Spencerism, 94.

Spencer, Herbert, on progress, 20;
Kant, 34; metaphysics, 99; Hedon-
iam, and Kant'a ethics, 133; JusHci

reviewed, 140; summaries of ar-
ticles on, 176.

Spenser, Edmund, 11.

Spinal cord, 177.

Spinning damsel, the, 177.

Spinoza, Benedictus de, 177.

Spirit, feminine gender, 182.

Spiritism, and immortality, 136, 177.

Spiritualism, ghosts, 126, 135; frauds,
146; monism opposes, 150.

Spontaneity, 154. (See necessity.)

Spontaneous religious beliefs, 107.

"Spottcrudfix," the, 97.

Stage, reformed, 177.

State, the, superpersonal, 46; Phil-
ippines, 105; clean money, 109;
Am. Railway Union, 116; expan-
sion, 121; religious conferences,
167; revolution, 169; a natural po-
litical product, 177.

Starr, Prof. Frederick, 94.

Statue, embodiment, ij; of Buddha,

lOI.

Staurolatry, 177.

Stead, W. T., 126.

Steele, G. M., 99.

Stein, Ludwig, 163.

Still small voice, the, 177.

St Louis Exposition, 94, iii, 135.

Stockwell, C. T., 120.

Stonehenge, 178.

Stone worship, Caaba, 103; Rosetta,
107; Stonehenge, 178.

Stone's fall, the, 178.

Stories of Buddhism, 73.

"Storm and Stress." in Orman lit-
erature, 109; in Christianity, 126.

STORY OF SAMSON, THE. 59.

Straight line, the, 42, 178.

Strange caae, a, 153.

210

INDEX

Stray shots, 159.

Symbolism, Christian, 135; pre-Chri**

Striate body, the, 39.

tian, 157.

Strikes, of the horses, 178; side

Symbols, pragmatic tendency of, ao;

switches of progress, 182.

dogmas as, 26; Chinese, 77; of all

Struggle, ethics of, 119; of pre-Chris-

religions, 1x3; double eagle, xx6;

tian religions, 157; in the far East,

vary, religion remains, 135; old, in

178.

new sense, X56; seal of Christ, 172;

Stumbling block, in philosophy, a, 35.

persistence of, X79.

Suala, 98.

Sympathy, international, 8; reader's.

Subliminal, 38.

28.

Substance and form, s*

Symphony, an embodiment, 27.

Suffrage, woman's, 185.

Symposium, occultism in mathemat-

Suggestibility of crowds, X78«

ics, X45.

Suggestion, hypnotic, 179.

Synonyms, mind and spirit not al-

Suicide, justifiable? is, 179.

ways, X48.

^i** generis, vitality, 16.

Sumerians, 153.

T'AI-SHANG.KAN-YING P'lEN, 83.

Summaries, of books, 29-93; of arti-

Tao Teh King, X4X.

cles, 93-187.

Taoism, 179.

Summero-Accadians, 57.

Tathagatha, 76,

Sunday, 108.

Tax theories, income, 174; single, X79.

Sunset Club, 1x8, 121.

Taxation, representation without, x68;

Super-personal God, the, 127, 138.

of capital, 179.

Superscientific, and pure reason. 179.

Teacher, a great moral, 8x.

Superreal, the, 24, 42.

Teleiosis, 130.

Superstition, in religion and science,

Teleology, 3X.

165, 179; in modern liberalism, 170.

Telepathy, X29.

Supreme Court and the P. O., 162,

Telephus, 143.

179.

Temptation of Buddha, xox.

Sutta Nipata, Z03.

Tendencies, modern scientific, X47.

Surd, the, in philosophy, 34; in

Tenets, Buddhism, 68.

mathematics, 35.

Terminology, Kant's hard, 33;

SURD OF METAPHYSICS, THE,

Haeckel's, 13 1.

34.

Terms, confusion of, 11; Egyptian

Surrogates, 55.

resurrection, iii; psychology, X64.

Survey, a systematic, 31,

Test, of philosophy, 14; of progress.

Suzuki, Kwasong, 75.

X63, 179.

Suzuki, Teitaro, 83.

Text book, for the mentalist, 40;

Swastika, 124.

of Buddhism, 70-71; Chinese-Eng*

Swedenborgian, 126.

Ush, 83.

INDEX

211

Tidings of Joy, i8i.

conservative, 60; apocryphal, 89;

Tide, Prof., i82.

Queen of Sheba, X64.

Time, 176.

Tragedy, 182.

Tiridates, X07.

Transfigured, history, by myth, 34.

Thalmic region, the, xoi.

Transcendentalism, modern, 33.

Thanksgiving Day, 180.

Transient, bodily existence, 24.

Theater, 177.

Transition, in modem theology, period

Theist? Dr. Carus a, 137.

of, x8o.

Theology, and astrology, 56; sum-

Translation, 71, 84.

maries of articles on, 180.

Traubel, Horace L., XX9.

Theonomy and astronomy, 56.

Traveling, during a strike, x8a.

Theophanies, i8x.

Treason and reform, x82.

Thophilus, 165.

Trigrams, 79.

Theory of self, Max Mueller's, 152.

Trilogy, Buddhist, 77,

Theosophy, 134.

Trinity, the, a universal conception,

Thibet, first missions in, X07, 181;

X82.

skeleton dance, 1 14.

Trumbull, Gen. M. M., xi8, X83.

"Thingishness," actuality, 5.

Trusts and Unions, epic of two

Things-in-themselves, do not exist,

monsters, 126.

XX ; the surd in philosophy, 34 ff;

Truth, once true, always true, 4; of

Schiller's verse on, 36; tht prob-

immortality, 2a; verified, 50, 53;

lem of, x8x.

living it, 143 ; possible?, is re-

Third Commandment, x8x.

ligious, 167; summaries of articles

Thobum, J. M., 107.

on, X83.

Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin, 181.

Twelve Tales, X59.

Thought, organ of, 3; is monism a

Tychism, 159, 183.

terminus of? 149; summaries of

Type, X83.

articles on, i8x.

Three characteristics, x8x.

Ultimate cause, xx.

Thrift and taxation, 179.

Unbelievers, 50.

Thumann, Paul, 90.

Uniqueness, pure space, 41.

Thurtell, Ellis, 94, 137, 149, x8s.

Unity, of purpose, 28; church, Chi-

To-day, X20.

csgo, 139; of souls, X76; of truth.

Tolerance, 162.

X83.

Tolstoy, Count, conunends Karma,

Universal, maxims, X30; peace, X55;

74; 8oth birthday, x82.

writing, X58; religions, X67; creed.

Tool, the, philosophy of, 3X, x8a.

x8o; philosophy of the, X83.

Topics, philosophical, 29,

Universality of God, 54.

Trace, i. e., image, 19.

Universe, the, soul of, 39-40, 175;

Tradition, Cardinal Newman, 56-57,

moral? 183.

212

INDEX

Universities, German, 125.
Unknowable, god of nescience, 55;

is any tiling in causation? 104; The,

183.
Unmateriality, of the soul, 128; of

God, 175.
Untenable, 52, 151.
Urchin, street, 23.
Urim and Thummin, x86.
Utility and evolution, xai.
Utopian, questions of labor, X04;

international language, xx8.

Value of mysticism, 153.
Vedantism, 139.

Vegetarianism, Christ's words, 183.
Venezuela, the Monroe doctrine and,

X51.

Venus of Milo, 183.

Vera Icon, 184.

Verse, Schiller, 36.

Vestigia, 18.

Via Appia, 97.

Vicarious atonement, pre-Christian,
X08, 184.

Vicious, habit in metaphysicism, 147.

View, bird's-eye, 77,

Vinegar, and bigotry, 66.

Violin notation, 152, 184.

Virgil, 107.

Virgin, vestal, 158.

Virtue and morality, 151.

Vitalism, questions of, 37> 184*

Vitality, a phenomenon, 16; conserva-
tion of, 184.

Vital-theology, Mr. Bell's, 180.

Vivisectionists, 96.

Vocation, the, 184.

Voclce, William, 137.

Vogt, I. G., 161.

Voter, the irresponsible, x68.
Von Gizycki, Prof., 165.

Wagner, Richard, 184.

Wake, C. S., x8x, 184.

Wakeman, T. B., 102.

Ward, Prof. Lester P., 148.

Water of life, a Chinese tcnlpture,
184.

Weber, Dr. Wmiam, xo8.

Weimar, Goethe museum in, 128.

Wheel, the, and the cross, 1x3.

WHENCE AND WHITHER? 43.
X84.

White corpuscles, X47, X48.

Widow's Two Mites, Buddhist parar
ble, X84.

Wilkinson, Mr. W. E. Ayton, xxx,
X56, XS9.

Will, freedom of, 39; Th. Ribot on,
X84.

Wise and foolish, poem, 94.

Witch persecution, 93; religion of
science and, x66; abolition of, 184;
summaries of articles, 184-185.

Withrow, Rev. W. H., X26.

Witness, God's works his own, 70.

Woman, of Samaria, the, 184; eman-
cipation of, 185.

Womanhood, ideal, 6a.

Woodcuts, fifteenth century, 1x4.

Words, X47, 185.

Work of the Open Court, X69.

Worship, image, X35.

World, folk-lore, 89; religions, two
great, X02; language, Ostwald's
theory, X57; parliament of reli-
gions, 167; renunciation, modem
instance of, X85.